This study aims to find the uncertainty value of Helium Ion Momentum (π»π+) by using the Heisenberg Uncertainty Approach to Quantum Numbers π β€ 3. This type of research uses non-experimental research. The research was conducted by developing previously existing theories. This research is to calculate the expectation value of the position to find out how often electrons can appear, and determine the uncertainty of the momentum of Helium Ion (π»π+) by using the Heisenberg uncertainty approach at number π β€ 3. Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded that the uncertainty of helium ion momentum (π»π+) by using the Heisenberg uncertainty approach to quantum numbers π β€ 3. The uncertainty of helium ion momentum is influenced by the main quantum number (n) and the azimuthal quantum number (l). By entering the values of n and l, the results can be obtained at quantum numbers π = 1 with π = 0 obtained βππ = 2,977504663 Γ 10β24. At the quantum number π = 2 with π = 0 obtained βππ = 8,06312759 Γ 10β24 and π = 1 obtained βππ = 2,03048 Γ 10β23. At the quantum number π = 3 with π = 0 obtained βππ = 1,50366086 Γ 10β23, and π = 1 obtained βππ = 3,481407588 Γ 10β23 and π = 2 obtained βππ = 4,47363642 Γ 10β22. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the uncertainty value of momentum is getting bigger as the two values of n and l increase. This is also proven by using simulation and the results of momentum uncertainty are not much different and only a difference of a few decimal places.
During the last decades the study of cold atoms has grown in a great measure. Research in this field has been made possible due to the development of laser cooling and trapping techniques. We use laser cooling to cool helium atoms down to a temperature of 1 mK and we are able to trap 106 atoms in our magneto-optical trap. The helium atoms are in a metastable state, the He 23S1 state, which has a lifetime of more than 2 hours. With cold atoms phenomena can be studied that are not accessible using thermal atoms, such as high resolution spectroscopy. Furthermore cold atoms are the first step towards Bose-Einstein condensation. Cold alkali-metal atoms have been extensively studied, using photoassociation spectroscopy. In this thesis the first photoassociation results for rare gas atoms, namely metastable helium atoms will be discussed. Various experiments are described and an analysis of the results is given.
The development of quantum computers has been advancing rapidly in recent years. In addition to researchers and companies building bigger and bigger machines, these computers are already being actively connected to the internet and offered as cloud-based quantum computer services. As quantum computers become more widely accessible, potentially malicious users could try to execute their code on the machines to leak information from other users, to interfere with or manipulate results of other users, or to reverse engineer the underlying quantum computer architecture and its intellectual property, for example. To analyze such new security threats to cloud-based quantum computers, this work first proposes and explores different types of quantum computer viruses. This work shows that quantum viruses can impact outcomes of Groverβs search algorithm or machine learning classification algorithms running on quantum computers, for example. The work then proposes a first of its kind quantum computer antivirus as a new means of protecting the expensive and fragile quantum computer hardware from quantum computer viruses. The antivirus can analyze quantum computer programs, also called circuits, and detect possibly malicious ones before they execute on quantum computer hardware. As a compile-time technique, it does not introduce any new overhead at run-time of the quantum computer.