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Journal of Applied Physics

Cavity-mediated charging of scalable quantum battery based on superconducting flux qubits

Jiadong Shi, Jiaxu Wu, Tao Wu

Published Apr 15, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

By utilizing superconducting flux qubits (FQs) embedded in a transmission line resonator cavity, we propose a scalable quantum battery (QB) and analyze its charging dynamics in the dispersive regime. The QB can be efficiently charged mediated by the cavity, which induces coherence among all FQs through a common photonic mode. Our results indicate that such coherence enhances the charging power. Furthermore, we identify a trade-off: increasing the battery size improves the charging power but reduces the storage capacity. By selecting an appropriate battery size, we achieve a practical QB that combines high power with large capacity. This optimal size can be moderately increased at the cost of a weaker coupling strength between the FQs and the cavity. This work, which integrates superconducting quantum circuits with energy storage technology, may pave the way for scalable and reliable quantum applications.

DOI
10.1063/5.0315566

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By utilizing superconducting flux qubits (FQs) embedded in a transmission line resonator cavity, we propose a scalable quantum battery (QB) and analyze its charging dynamics in the dispersive regime. The QB can be efficiently charged mediated by the cavity, which induces coherence among all FQs through a common photonic mode. Our results indicate that such coherence enhances the charging power. Furthermore, we identify a trade-off: increasing the battery size improves the charging power but reduces the storage capacity. By selecting an appropriate battery size, we achieve a practical QB that combines high power with large capacity. This optimal size can be moderately increased at the cost of a weaker coupling strength between the FQs and the cavity. This work, which integrates superconducting quantum circuits with energy storage technology, may pave the way for scalable and reliable quantum applications.
Quantum battery (QB) is the miniature energy storage and release device and plays a crucial role in future quantum technology. Here an implementation scheme of a QB is proposed on a superconducting circuit, which is composed by NNN coupled transmon qubits and a one-dimensional transmission line resonator. We derive the Hamiltonian of the QB system and investigate its charging performance by considering three decay channels. We find that the presence of the decay channels suppresses the high oscillation of the energy storage process, thereby realizing a stable and powerful QB. In particular, compared with the resonator decay and the qubit relaxation, the qubit dephasing shows a counterintuitive advantage in our QB. We show that the nearest-neighbor interaction always has a positive impact on the stable energy and the coupling only significantly influences the maximum charging power in the fully nondegenerate ground-state region. We also demonstrate the feasibility of our approach by evaluating the QB performance under experimental parameters.
Abstract Finding a quantum battery model that demonstrates a quantum advantage while remaining feasible for experimental production is a considerable challenge. Here, a superconducting quantum battery (SQB) model that exhibits such an advantage is introduced. The model consists of two coupled superconducting qubits that interact during the unitary charging process while remaining in equilibrium with a thermal reservoir. First, the model is described, evidence of the quantum advantage is provided, and then the fabrication process of the battery is discussed using superconducting qubits. Analytical expressions for the ergotropy, instantaneous power, and capacity of the SQB, as well as their connection to quantum coherence are derived. It is demonstrated that leveraging the collective effects of Josephson energies and the coupling energy between qubits allows for optimization, resulting in improved energy redistribution and a significant enhancement in charging efficiency. This work highlights the complexities of tuning system parameters, which increase the potential for work extraction from the SQB, providing a deeper understanding of the charging mechanisms involved. These findings can be applied to superconducting quantum circuit battery architectures, underscoring the feasibility of efficient energy storage in these systems. These results pave the way for proposals of new superconducting devices, emphasizing their potential for efficient energy storage.
The parametric amplification enabled by two-photon driving constitutes a versatile platform for advanced quantum technologies. We present an optimized scheme for implementing quantum batteries (QBs) based on a superconducting circuit system, where a two-photon-driven LC resonator serves as the charger and an array of transmon qubits functions as the battery. Our results show that two-photon parametric driving exponentially enhances the effective cavity-qubit coupling, which in turn gives rise to near-degenerate energy-level structures and highly entangled quantum states. This significantly enhances the charging power and enables rapid energy transfer from the charger to the battery. Moreover, the engineered squeezed cavity mode and the associated quantum correlations effectively suppress environmentally induced decoherence, thereby delaying energy leakage and facilitating stable energy storage. The proposed scheme remains robust against practical experimental imperfections, such as parameter disorder and environmental noise, preserving its performance advantages. The work provides a feasible platform for realizing high-power, high-stability QBs and highlights the potential of parametric control in quantum energy technologies.
The quantum battery (QB) is a conceptually new energy storage and conversion device, which consists usually of a quantum charger and an energy store (usually called the QB for simplicity). The demonstrated advantage of a QB, over its classical counterpart, is that its charging efficiency can be significantly enhanced by using quantum entanglement resources. In this paper, we investigate alternatively how to realize the switchable charging and the lossless power detection of the charged QB. With the proposed QB configuration we show that, by adjusting the eigenfrequency of the qubit-based charger, the cavity-based QB can be switched on between the charging and power-off states and its stored energy can be nondestructively monitored by probing the transmitted spectrum of the external electromagnetic waves scattered by the qubit-based charger. As the qubit-based charger has never been excited, the proposed cavity-based QB could directly store the coherent-state energy (rather than the single-photon one) and thus possess significantly large ergotropy. The physical realization of the proposed switchable QB configuration is demonstrated specifically with the experimental circuit quantum electrodynamical devices.
Quantum batteries (QBs) are energy storage and transfer microdevices that open up new possibilities in energy technology. Here, we derive a resonator--multiple-qutrit quantum battery (QB) model consisting of a multimode resonator and NNN superconducting transmon qutrits. We investigate the charging and self-discharging performances of the QBs and discuss the roles of quantum coherence and quantum entanglement. The results show that environment noise is not always detrimental for QB systems. The QB with efficient charging, stable energy-storage, and slow self-discharging processes can be realized by considering the dephasing noise and manipulating the energy gap. We find that the charging energy is positively related to coherence and entanglement while the stable energy and the self-discharging energy are negatively related to coherence. The phenomenon of the vanishing entanglement corresponds to the dynamic decoupling behavior of the QB's steady states. Our results provide a way to realize many-body QBs on a superconducting circuit platform.
The advent of quantum batteries (QBs) has coincided with the accelerated progress in quantum science and technology. Here, we propose a novel double-cavity QB design, wherein the maximum charging power can be enhanced to N2.5{N}^{2.5}N2.5 times or even higher, up to N3{N}^{3}N3 times, through the manipulation of atomic distribution, which surpasses the upper limit of N2{N}^{2}N2 reported in previous study. The advantage of this manipulation is pronounced with an increasing number of atoms in the QB. A significant atom number discrepancy between the two cavities results in the simultaneous optimization of charging power and battery capacity, thereby enhancing charging efficiency without compromising energy storage capacity. Additionally, by modulating the number of atoms within each cavity, the QB is theoretically capable of transitioning between ``fast charging'' and ``slow charging'' modes. Notably, in an open system environment, the superiority of the QB is even more pronounced, with negligible energy loss at the final steady state relative to the maximum energy storage of an isolated system.