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Sensors

Quantum System for Generating Random Phase-Manipulated Emissions with a Controllable Electromagnetic Center

Nikolay Litchkov, Momchil Kurtev, Anton Mladenov

Published Apr 9, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper presents a quantum system designed to generate random, phase-manipulated emissions. A key feature of the proposed system is its ability to create a controllable electromagnetic center. To achieve this, the architecture utilizes two synchronized sources positioned at distinct spatial locations. A method is introduced where Quantum-generated keys are used to form a random sequence in real time to control digital phase manipulators. A block diagram of a quantum system for generating random phase-manipulated emissions with a controllable electromagnetic center has been developed that enables control of the main operating frequency, the length of the additionally generated random sequences controlling the modulations, the frequencies and phases of the emissions, the period and start of phase manipulations, as well as the power of the signals emitted by each of the channels. This way ensures uniformity or a controllable difference in the signals emitted by the two sources of the system upon their arrival at a predetermined point in space. A laboratory prototype of the quantum system has been developed, and tests have been conducted to confirm the feasibility of the proposed method and block diagram. The proposed research refers to a case of phase manipulation of transmitted signals with a preset clock frequency. The theoretical and technical solutions presented in the material can also be used to create systems with randomly frequency-manipulated signals, as well as systems in which the manipulation periods change randomly, determined by random quantum keys generated in real time.

DOI
10.3390/s26082329

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This paper presents a quantum system designed to generate random, phase-manipulated emissions. A key feature of the proposed system is its ability to create a controllable electromagnetic center. To achieve this, the architecture utilizes two synchronized sources positioned at distinct spatial locations. A method is introduced where Quantum-generated keys are used to form a random sequence in real time to control digital phase manipulators. A block diagram of a quantum system for generating random phase-manipulated emissions with a controllable electromagnetic center has been developed that enables control of the main operating frequency, the length of the additionally generated random sequences controlling the modulations, the frequencies and phases of the emissions, the period and start of phase manipulations, as well as the power of the signals emitted by each of the channels. This way ensures uniformity or a controllable difference in the signals emitted by the two sources of the system upon their arrival at a predetermined point in space. A laboratory prototype of the quantum system has been developed, and tests have been conducted to confirm the feasibility of the proposed method and block diagram. The proposed research refers to a case of phase manipulation of transmitted signals with a preset clock frequency. The theoretical and technical solutions presented in the material can also be used to create systems with randomly frequency-manipulated signals, as well as systems in which the manipulation periods change randomly, determined by random quantum keys generated in real time.
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Random Number Generators (RNGs) are crucial for applications ranging from cryptography to simulations. Depending on the source of randomness, RNGs are classified into Pseudo-Random Number Generators (PRNGs), True Random Number Generators (TRNGs), and Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs). This work presents the end-to-end development of a high-speed, high-efficiency, phase-noise-based QRNG system that taps into the quantum phase noise of a single-frequency laser, with randomness originating from spontaneous emission. Using a self-heterodyne measurement with a semiconductor laser (linewidth ≈\approx≈ 5.23 GHzGHzGHz) operated near threshold and a $\sim$48 cmcmcm fiber delay line, a raw data generation rate of 2.0 GbpsGbpsGbps is achieved. To ensure uniform randomness in the QRNG output, robust extraction techniques developed in-house, such as the Toeplitz Strong Extractor (TSE), are used. Randomness validation using the NIST and Diehard test suites confirms that all statistical tests pass at standard confidence levels. The developed system achieves a post-processed generation rate of 1.0 GbpsGbpsGbps in operation and attains a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of 7, approaching TRL 8, making it suitable for real-time secure applications such as cryptographic key generation and stochastic modeling.
In the communication through the network, it is essential to encrypt information to secure safety of the communication. An encryption method used for communication is a public key cryptosystem and a hybrid cryptosystem that put a public key cryptosystem and a private-key cryptosystem together mainly now. The safe grounds of these methods are to need vast calculation time to decode private key from a public key, but, by a cloud computing using the network accomplishing rapid progress and the development of the study of a quantum computer, the safe securing of information security by the cryptographic technology is becoming difficult for these past several years. One method to solve this problem includes quantum cryptography communication technology using a quantum key distribution. Because the quantum communication can detect the wiretapping on the channel, we can realize complete secret communication by letting both transmission and reception believers share private key. The randomness of the private key (i.e., the random number for secret codes) becomes important to assure the safety of this technique. Therefore the development of the technique that can generate chaotic random numbers (i.e., physical random number) fast becomes the urgent need. This thesis focuses on a very high-speed frequency noise of the laser diode to generate a physical random number fast, and assumed this frequency noise as a source for physical random number generation. We detected a high-speed frequency noise of the laser diode as a fluctuation of the transmitted light intensity using a frequency discriminator. This principle is the same as a principle of slope detection which is a kind of the demodulation technology in the FM communication. We used a Fabry-Perot type laser diode of wavelength 780nm for a noise source, and the D_2 absorption line of the rubidium atom for a frequency discriminator. We converted a transmitted light intensity signal into binary data by an A/D converter, and produced the binary physical random number sequences by extracting binary sequence from binary data. Generated physical random number sequences are statistically confirmed its quality by means of a de facto standard “NIST SP800-22” of the random number test for the secret code. Physical random number sequences are generated from binary data by two methods. The first method produced random number sequences per digits using least significant bits of binary data obtained from the A/D converter of vertical resolution 8 bits in parallel. The second method produced the binary random number sequence by connecting the data of each digit of binary data to one. We can make the generation speed of the physical random number sequence faster than the sampling speed of the A/D converter by using these methods. And, the operation such as performing EX-OR (XOR) between different random numbers is necessary for using it as a random number for the code because the physical random number usually has bad equal probability characteristics. The method called the Reverse XOR method that developed this XOR operation is recently suggested to improve the generation speed of the physical random number in other precedent studies. In this study, both this Reverse XOR and the normal XOR (XOR method) methods are used for generating a physical random number. And, a physical random number sequence generating speed of 120 Gb/s was confirmed by a method of generating random number sequences from several digits of 8-bits-binary-data in parallel. In addition, Improved XOR and Improved Reverse XOR methods proposed in this thesis generated the physical random number sequence faster than the normal XOR and the Reverse XOR methods. As a result, this thesis reported that a physical random number sequence was generated at 160 Gb/s. The relations between the frequency discriminator and the oscillation frequency of the laser diode bring big influence in the quality of the physics random number in our physical random number generation method. This is because frequency properties of the detected noise signal will change by the relation between the slant of the frequency discriminator and the frequency of the laser diode. Therefore the relation between the frequencies of the oscillation spectrum of this laser diode and the frequency discriminator was investigated, and the most suitable condition for generating a physical random number was discussed. In addition, the oscillation frequency of the laser diode greatly changes by a fluctuation of the environment temperature and the driving current. Therefore it is necessary to stabilize and control the oscillation frequency of the laser diode to the limited area within the absorption line of the rubidium atom in order to generate a physical random number stably for a long time. Therefore the oscillation frequency of the laser diode was controlled by using a technique of Phase-locked-Loop to the frequency of the slope of the rubidium atom absorption curve.
We experimentally demonstrate a kind of high-quantum correlated, practical quantum random generation based on the quantum phase noise of a laser, which uniformly distributes in the range of (−π, π] by driving the laser with a stream of narrow electrical pulses. We propose a working mode to further suppress the impact of phase drift after we use the passive measures (thermal and mechanical isolation) to slow it down. Moreover, a new method which ensures random numbers to be true representations of quantum characteristics is presented to quantify the quantum randomness. This scheme has an inherent advantage for multiplex generation.