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Europhysics Letters (EPL)

Mapping of spin-orbit coupling mode of vector vortex light using electromagnetically induced transparency

Samim Akhtar, Jayanta K. Saha, Md. Mabud Hossain

Published Apr 7, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We report a novel pump-probe laser spectroscopy technique to measure the spatial polarization of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) mode of the vector vortex beam (VVB) using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) protocol. An experiment is performed for observing the EIT signal in a five-level Λ-type configuration of 85 Rb-D 2 line coupled with the pump VVB and non-vortex probe beam. Interestingly, the sinusoidal modulation of the EIT amplitude is observed with spatial polarization rotation of the pump VVB for two different orbital angular momenta (OAM). This remarkable feature enables the extraction of information about the spatial polarization and azimuthal petal-like pattern of the SOC mode of the VVB. Furthermore, we propose that the experimental results may be considered as a hybrid quantum logic gate operation by employing the spatial polarization and EIT amplitude as the photonic qubits, which may offer promising applications in quantum information science.

DOI
10.1209/0295-5075/ae5c30

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Abstract We report a novel pump-probe laser spectroscopy technique to measure the spatial polarization of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) mode of the vector vortex beam (VVB) using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) protocol. An experiment is performed for observing the EIT signal in a five-level Λ-type configuration of 85 Rb-D 2 line coupled with the pump VVB and non-vortex probe beam. Interestingly, the sinusoidal modulation of the EIT amplitude is observed with spatial polarization rotation of the pump VVB for two different orbital angular momenta (OAM). This remarkable feature enables the extraction of information about the spatial polarization and azimuthal petal-like pattern of the SOC mode of the VVB. Furthermore, we propose that the experimental results may be considered as a hybrid quantum logic gate operation by employing the spatial polarization and EIT amplitude as the photonic qubits, which may offer promising applications in quantum information science.
We investigate the propagation of an optical vector vortex weakly interacting with a coherently prepared atomic medium (phaseonium) in a three-level ΛΛΛ configuration. The vector beam consists of vortex pulse pairs with right- and left-circular polarizations, corresponding to opposite spin angular momentum (SAM), and carrying opposite orbital angular momentum (OAM) charges ±l\pm l±l. We show that during the propagation of the vortex pairs, analytically obtained in the linear regime, the medium inherits the topology of the vortex pair, mapping the OAM onto a spatially structured atomic coherence. This mapping produces 2∣l∣−2|l|-2∣l∣−fold azimuthal transparency structures that reshape the beam intensity from a ring into a petal-like pattern. The OAM-structured atomic coherence induces a corresponding optical anisotropy within the medium, which feeds back into the propagating vector beam, resulting in optical spin-orbit coupling manifested as SAM exchange, rotation, and evolution of polarization textures. Depending on the initial ground-state population of the phaseonium, the polarization state evolves between left-circular, linear, and right-circular polarizations.
Recently a scheme has been proposed for detection of the structured light by measuring the transmission of a vortex beam through a cloud of cold rubidium atoms with energy levels of the Λ-type configuration [N. Radwell et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.114, 123603 (2015) ]. This enables observation of regions of spatially dependent electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Here we suggest another scenario for detection of the structured light by measuring the absorption profile of a weak nonvortex probe beam in a highly resonant five-level combined tripod and Λ (CTL) atom-light coupling setup. We demonstrate that due to the closed-loop structure of CTL scheme, the absorption of the probe beam depends on the azimuthal angle and orbital angular momentum (OAM) of the control vortex beams. This feature is missing in simple Λ or tripod schemes, as there is no loop in such atom-light couplings. One can identify different regions of spatially structured transparency through measuring the absorption of probe field under different configurations of structured control light.
We experimentally demonstrate how one can measure the magnetic field direction using Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) with vector vortex laser beam. Unwrapping the intensity variation along the vortex allows to simultaneously obtain information about EIT resonance amplitudes for all laser polarizations from one differential intensity image. We demonstrate that we, can determine the orientation of the transverse component of the magnetic field with sub-degree precision by tracking the angular position of EIT amplitude extrema. Fourier analysis of the peaks' azimuthal dependence enables unambiguous identification of the angle between magnetic field and the laser propagation direction (longitudinal angle). The proposed method is fully compatible with EIT-based magnetometers, and particularly attractive for integrated assemblies, since it does not require any active polarization rotators.
We experimentally demonstrate how one can measure the magnetic field direction using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) with a vector vortex laser beam. Unwrapping the intensity variation along the vortex allows to simultaneously obtain information about EIT resonance amplitudes for all laser polarizations from one differential intensity image. We demonstrate that one can determine the orientation of the transverse component of the magnetic field with sub-degree precision by tracking the angular position of EIT amplitude extrema. Fourier analysis of the peaks' azimuthal dependence enables unambiguous identification of the angle between the magnetic field and the laser propagation direction (longitudinal angle). The proposed method is fully compatible with EIT-based magnetometers, and particularly attractive for integrated assemblies, since it does not require any active polarization rotators.
We explore the underlying spin-orbit coupling (SOC) mechanism for the interactions between complex structured light fields in a four-level tripod electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) system. Because one coupling field in the system is a Bessel beam, the susceptibility of the EIT medium can be modulated quasiperiodically in the radial dimension. The paraxial propagation and evolution of a rotating spinor image as the probe field in the medium can be described by a Pauli-like equation with the SOC term. We calculate the spatial distributions of the diffracted patterns of the image in the near field and clearly show the tunable SOC-induced radial splitting of the oppositely polarized pseudospin states. Our scheme may be useful for all-optical processing of spatial multimode signals in coherent media.
In the burgeoning field of light-matter interactions, angular momentum has emerged as a pivotal factor, driving innovative research directions. This study delves into the interaction dynamics between vortex lights and an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) medium, with a primary focus on elucidating the underlying mechanism of angular momentum transfer. Through comprehensive theoretical analysis and numerical simulations, it is demonstrated that when the probe field carries orbital angular momentum (OAM), the dispersion and absorption characteristics of the EIT medium undergo periodic modulation. This modulation is intricately determined by the azimuthal phase and topological charge of the beam. Notably, the OAM in the driving field exerts no such influence on the medium's properties. Leveraging vortex phase plates (VPPs) or spatial light modulators (SLMs) to manipulate the tunable OAM enables dynamic control over the EIT effect. This breakthrough not only deepens our understanding of light-matter interactions at the quantum level but also unlocks new avenues for high-dimensional quantum information processing and advanced optical communication technologies.