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Design of the device for the analysis of spectrum of microwave signals

S. Yu. Larkin

Published Oct 1, 2006• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Broadband low-temperature devices for the detection of microwave signals are considered, based both on single Josephson junctions and on Josephson junction arrays. The improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio achieved by replacing single Josephson junctions with arrays of junctions is discussed.

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IEEE Transactions on Magnetics•Jan 1, 1981•10 citations
The possibility of the implementation of a single-photon detector in the microwave range has been discussed. It has been shown that, for these purposes, it is possible to use an unshunted Josephson junction, which is switched from the superconducting state into a finite-voltage state at the presence of an external signal. The sensitivity of this detector is determined by the distribution of switchings in the absence of an external signal. It has been demonstrated that there is a Josephson junction with a noise temperature below 60 mK at a nominal external temperature of 10 mK. A specific detector intended for the measurement of external microwave signals has been proposed, designed, and fabricated. The first experimental results have been presented.
Performance of various microwave receiving devices, using the Josephson junctions closed with superconducting loops and/or united in arrays, is discussed. These composite nonlinear elements enable us to eliminate problem of their matching with the signal source, to increase the saturation power and to come close to ultimate limits of the device noise performance. For internally-pumped devices, connection of several junctions in a closed-loop (ring) array turns out to be most effective, with coherent junction self-oscillations. For externally-pumped devices, the use of low-inductance (non-hysteretic) SQUIDs is of the greatest interest, enabling one to avoid the difference in junction dynamics due to parameter random spread.
Broadband detection of small electronic signals from cryogenic devices, with the option of simple implementation for multiplexing, is often a highly desired, although nontrivial task. We investigate and demonstrate a small-signal analog-to-frequency conversion system based on relaxation oscillations in a single Josephson junction. Operation and stability conditions are derived, with special emphasis on noise analysis, showing the dominant noise sources to originate from fluctuation processes in the junction. At optimum conditions the circuit is found to deliver excellent noise performance over a broad dynamic range. Our simple models apply within the regime of classical Josephson junction and circuit dynamics, which we confirm by experimental results. A discussion on possible applications includes a measurement of the response to a cryogenic radiation detector.
We propose a new type of cryogenic current amplifiers, in which low-frequency power spectrum of current can be measured through a measurement of microwave response of a superconducting resonant circuit shunted by a series array of Josephson junctions. From numerical analysis on the equivalent circuit, the numerical value of the input-referred current noise of the proposed amplifier is found to be two orders of magnitude lower than the noise floor measured with the conventional cryogenic current amplifiers based on high-electron-mobility transistors or superconducting quantum interference devices. Our proposal can open new avenues for investigating low-temperature solid-state devices that require lower noise and wider bandwidth power spectrum measurements of current.
The performance limits are found for the Josephson junction microwave receivers: self- and externally-pumped mixers, as well as self-selecting and wideband quadratic detectors. The effect of the signal source impedance upon the Josephson junction properties is considered in two extreme approximations for the junc-, tion matching with the source, the approximations yielding close results. It has become possible to find the device characteristics for the arbitrary values of ratios RE/RNand F/Fc, where REis the reduced source resistance, RNis the junction normal resistance, F is the signal frequency and FCis the junction characteristic frequency. The performance factors obtained are optimized and their ultimate limits are found. The relatively poorly-developed devices without external pumping (self-pumped mixer and self-selecting detector) occur to have the best performance limits. Achievement of these limits is possible, however, only if the recently proposed specially-designed multi-junction arrays are used.