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Quantum Macrostate: A Mechanism for Macroscopic World Construction Based on Double Critical Phase Transition and Intrinsic Spin

Hong Li

Published Apr 2, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

微观量子系统的叠加、纠缠和不确定性与宏观经典世界的确定性、实在性和局域性的二分法，长期以来一直是现代物理学中的根本性问题。哥本哈根诠释将测量波函数坍缩视为量子-经典跃迁的核心机制，但它引入了观察者和意识参与等非客观元素，未能形成自洽的物理解释。传统的退相干理论仅强调环境耦合对量子相干性的破坏性影响，未明确出现条件、进化阈值及量子相干的内在动力学起源，也无法将自旋、相干、退相干和宏观物质凝聚整合为统一的理论框架。本文提出了量子宏态理论，该理论以量子内在自旋的永恒性为物质演化和双重临界相变的核心动力学标准，构建了一个完整、客观且无观察者的进化模型，从原始量子态到量子相干的出现，进而实现完全退相干和宏观物质的形成。该理论定义无量纲耦合强度γ作为系统演化的控制参数，给出相干涌现的下临界阈值γ1和完全退相干的上临界阈值γ2，并将量子系统划分为三个阶段：原始退相干态、量子相干态和完全退相干经典态。本文证明量子相干性不是自然属性，而是耦合强度突破临界阈后出现的涌现现象;退相干是一种连续动力学相变，其中自旋相关图谱在系统通过上临界阈值后从集体相干转变为局部有序，而非瞬时波函数坍缩。退相干后，受稳定相互作用约束的局部粒子，通过原子构造、分子键合和宏观聚集，逐渐形成稳定且可观测的经典物质。该理论整合了包括玻色–爱因斯坦凝聚、C60分子干涉、腔量子电动力学、单自旋操作和宏观机械振荡器在内的实验证据，形成了一个完整的逻辑闭环，并提出了三个可证伪的实验预测。量子宏观态理论实现了对微观量子定律和宏观经典物理的统一描述，为量子-经典转变和宇宙物质起源提供了一个简洁、自洽且可实验验证的新范式。

DOI
10.6084/m9.figshare.31926549

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2025年诺贝尔物理学奖授予了三位美国物理学家约翰·克拉克、米歇尔·H·德沃雷和约翰·M·马蒂尼斯，以表彰他们“在电路中实现宏观量子力学隧穿效应和能量量子化”. 在四十年前完成的一系列工作中，他们巧妙地利用了超导中的集体量子态，成功地让一个由数十亿电子组成的电路系统，作为一个宏观整体展现出纯粹的量子特性. 例如，他们证明了整个电路能够突破障碍进行隧穿，并且其能量是严格量子化的. 他们的实验证明，这种具有量子化能级的超导电路可以被精确控制，从而作为信息的承载单元——量子比特（Qubit）. 德沃雷和马蒂尼斯后来将这种电路发展成量子计算机的核心元件，为当前的超导量子计算技术路线奠定了基石. 三位获奖者的工作，相当于在实验室中成功制备了能展现量子行为的宏观系统，让“宏观量子相干性”成为了可测量、可利用的物理实体，让“薛定谔的猫态”不再只是思想实验. 他们的成果激励了全球科学家投入到利用宏观量子效应来开发新一代量子技术，包括更高精度的量子传感器和革命性的量子计算机. 这一发现不仅在物理学上打破了“量子效应仅限于微观”的传统观念，探索了量子效应产生的边界，更重要的是，它为人类利用宏观量子态提供了实验基础，开启了通往下一代量子科技时代的钥匙.
On directed} Barabasi-Albert and Small-World networks the Ising model with spin S=1, 3/2 and 2 is now studied through Monte Carlo simulations. In this model, the order-disorder phase transition of the order parameter is well defined on Small-World networks for Ising model with spin S=1. We calculate the value of the critical temperature T_c for several values of rewiring probability p of the directed Small-World network. This model on directed Small-World networks we obtained a second-order phase transition for p=0.2 and first-order phase transition for p=0.8. The critical exponentes beta/nu, gamma/nu and 1/νwere calculated for p=0.2. On directed Barabasi-Albert we show that no there is phase transition for Ising model with spin S=1, 3/2 and 2.
Abstract The quantum measurement problem—the absence of any dynamical mechanism connecting continuous wavefunction evolution to discrete empirical outcomes—has persisted since the foundations of quantum theory. Decoherence explains interference suppression but cannot explain outcome selection: the diagonal density matrix remains an improper mixture until one outcome is actualized. We propose that collapse is a physical phase transition in the coupled system–apparatus field. The order parameter ψ, constructed as a coarse-grained collective coordinate of apparatus degrees of freedom, evolves under Ginzburg–Landau dynamicswith a symmetry-breaking potential. When the coherence pressure γ exceeds a critical threshold γc, the symmetric phase(superposition) becomes unstable and the field crystallizes into one of the discrete stable minima (eigenstates). We derive the critical coupling from microscopic system–apparatus Hamiltonians, obtaining γc ∼ (√Ng)−1 where N is the number of apparatus degrees of freedom and g is the coupling constant. This scaling explains why macroscopic apparatus collapse wavefunctions while microscopic interactions preserve coherence. The Born rule Pn = |cn|2 is preserved through this dynamical selection mechanism: attractor basin geometry under probability-conserving flow converts probabilistic weights into definite outcomes without altering the underlying probabilities. The theory yields four falsifiable predictions absent from standard quantum mechanics: critical slowing near γc, hysteresis in the collapse–recoherence cycle, metastable supercooled superpositions, and transient Jacobian spikes at the moment of collapse. We provide quantitative estimates for superconducting qubit readout, predicting collapsetimes of order 100 ns with critical slowing observable within current experimental precision. This framework provides a concrete existence proof, within a controlled effective-theory regime, that collapse dynamics can be constructed from standard quantum mechanics plus statistical mechanics, requiring no modification to the Schr¨odinger equation.
Since its very beginning, quantum mechanics has been developed to deal with systems on the atomic or sub-atomic scale. For many decades, there has been no reason to think about its application to macroscopic systems. Actually, macroscopic objects have even been used to show how bizarre quantum effects would appear if quantum mechanics were applied beyond its original realm. This is, for example, the essence of the so-called Schrödinger cat paradox (Schrödinger, 1935). How-ever, due to recent advances in the design of systems on the meso- and nanoscopic scales, as well as in cryogenic techniques, this situation has changed drastically. It is now quite natural to ask whether a specific quantum effect, collectively involving a macroscopic number of particles, could occur in these systems. In this book it is our intention to address the quantum mechanical effects that take place in properly chosen or built “macroscopic” systems. Starting from a very naïve point of view, we could always ask what happens to systems whose classical dynamics can be described by equations of motion equivalent to those of particles (or fields) in a given potential (or potential energy density). These can be represented by a generalized “coordinate” φ( r , t ) which could either describe a field variable or a “point particle” if it is not position dependent, φ( r , t ) = φ( t ).
The renormalization group approach to critical phenomena is developed for quantum mechanical problems with non-commuting operators. Applying the theory to the spin 1 / 2 Ising model with a transverse field Gamma it is found that the critical exponents are those of the Ising model with Gamma =0 if the transition occurs at T>0. However, for transitions at T=0 the critical behaviour of the d-dimensional transverse system corresponds to that of the (d+1)-dimensional Ising model with Gamma =0, in agreement with series expansion predictions. At T=0 the dynamic, as well as static, critical behaviour is given by mean field theory for d>3.
量子模拟利用可控的量子系统来模拟一个难以用经典计算机处理的复杂多体量子系统，以应对随多体系统规模指数增长的计算复杂度。本文研究了一种基于量子机器学习的压缩量子模拟方案，通过利用参数化量子线路构建量子自编码器，学习高维希尔伯特空间中量子绝热演化的低维等效表示，并在低维空间中高保真地重构绝热演化过程以实现压缩量子模拟。本文以 9 量子比特二维横场伊辛模型的量子相变检测问题为例，使用 2 量子比特系统对其进行压缩量子模拟，制备基态并测量磁涨落和能量等物理量。结果表明，该方案能在低维希尔伯特空间中高精度复现量子相变行为，所得基态能量的相对误差不超过 2.1%。本研究为在资源有限的量子设备上模拟复杂物理过程提供了新的思路，推动了量子模拟与机器学习的交叉融合。