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IEEE Transactions on Information Theory

Classical Communication Over Quantum Multiple-Access Channel With Unreliable Entanglement Assistance

Xiaomin Liu, Zhengjun Xi

Published Apr 2, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We study classical communication over quantum multiple-access channels and their wiretap counterparts with unreliable entanglement assistance. Using a robust superposition coding scheme, we characterize the trade-off between baseline rates that are guaranteed without entanglement and additional rates achievable when entanglement is available. We establish a regularized characterization of the classical capacity region for the quantum multiple-access channel and extend it to regularized secrecy capacity regions under two models: entanglement loss and interception. Specifically, for the class of entanglement-breaking channels, we demonstrate that these regularized regions reduce to computable single-letter formulas.

DOI
10.1109/tit.2026.3680133

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We study classical communication over quantum multiple-access channels and their wiretap counterparts with unreliable entanglement assistance. Using a robust superposition coding scheme, we characterize the trade-off between baseline rates that are guaranteed without entanglement and additional rates achievable when entanglement is available. We establish a regularized characterization of the classical capacity region for the quantum multiple-access channel and extend it to regularized secrecy capacity regions under two models: entanglement loss and interception. Specifically, for the class of entanglement-breaking channels, we demonstrate that these regularized regions reduce to computable single-letter formulas.
Secure communication is considered with unreliable entanglement assistance, where the adversary may intercept the legitimate receiver's entanglement resource before communication takes place. The communication setting of unreliable assistance, without security aspects, was originally motivated by the extreme photon loss in practical communication systems. The operational principle is to adapt the transmission rate to the availability of entanglement assistance, without resorting to feedback and repetition. Here, we require secrecy as well. An achievable secrecy rate region is derived for general quantum wiretap channels, and a multi-letter secrecy capacity formula for the special class of degraded channels.
We investigate secure communication over a classical multiple-access wiretap channel (MAC-WTC), specifically exploring the benefit of shared entanglement between the transmitters. Under the strict semantic security criterion, we derive an achievable rate region and a regularized expression for the secrecy capacity. We further establish a single-letter upper bound on the secure capacity of the MAC-WTC with entangled transmitters. Our results demonstrate that entanglement strictly enlarges the secrecy capacity of MAC-WTC compared to sharing only classical correlated randomness, a finding we illustrate using a pseudo-telepathy game example. Finally, we establish new strong soft-covering lemmas for the output statistics of multipleaccess channels (MACs) with entangled transmitters. Our results generalize existing results for non-entangled systems.
Abstract We solve the entanglement-assisted (EA) classical capacity region of quantum multiple-access channels (MACs) with an arbitrary number of senders. As an example, we consider the bosonic thermal-loss MAC and solve the one-shot capacity region enabled by an entanglement source composed of sender-receiver pairwise two-mode squeezed vacuum states. The EA capacity region is strictly larger than the capacity region without entanglement-assistance. With two-mode squeezed vacuum states as the source and phase modulation as the encoding, we also design practical receiver protocols to realize the entanglement advantages. Four practical receiver designs, based on optical parametric amplifiers, are given and analyzed. In the parameter region of a large noise background, the receivers can enable a simultaneous rate advantage of 82.0% for each sender. Due to teleportation and superdense coding, our results for EA classical communication can be directly extended to EA quantum communication at half of the rates. Our work provides a unique and practical network communication scenario where entanglement can be beneficial.
In this paper, the problem of private communication of classical messages over a quantum multiple access channel under one-shot setting is studied. In this regard, we first introduce general quantum multiple access wiretap channel, and then we calculate an achievable secrecy rate region for the main channel. The encoding process follows the combination of the superposition and Wyner wiretap coding schemes, and the decoding technique is based on the simultaneous decoder and convex splitting. At last, we extend the results to the l-user case.
Entanglement assistance can improve communication rates significantly. Yet, its generation is susceptible to failure. The unreliable assistance model accounts for those challenges. Previous work provided an asymptotic formula that outlines the tradeoff between the unassisted and excess rates from entanglement assistance. We derive a full characterization for entanglement-breaking channels, and show that combining entanglement-assisted and unassisted coding is suboptimal. From a networking perspective, this finding is nontrivial and highlights a quantum behavior arising from superposition.
We solve the entanglement-assisted (EA) classical capacity region of quantum multiple-access channels with an arbitrary number of senders, which is conjectured by Hsieh, Devetak and Winter. As an example, we consider the bosonic thermal-loss multiple-access channel and solve the rate region enabled by an entanglement source composed of sender-receiver pairwise two-mode squeezed vacuum states. The EA rate region is strictly larger than the capacity region without entanglement-assistance, therefore also larger than the Yen-Shapiro rate-region of Gaussian encoding or coherent-state encoding. When the senders have equal low brightness, we also numerically find that the two-mode squeezed vacuum source is optimal at a corner rate point. With two-mode squeezed vacuum states as the source and phase modulation as the encoding, we also design practical receiver protocols to realize the entanglement advantages. In the parameter region of a large noise background, the receivers can enable a simultaneous rate advantage of 82.0% for each sender with binary phase-shift keying. Due to teleportation and superdense coding, our results for EA classical communication can be directly extended to EA quantum communication at half of the rates.