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Journal of Physics Conference Series

Quantum Teleportation for Advanced Gravitational-Wave Detectors

Yohei Nishino

Published Feb 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We propose several quantum noise reduction schemes for gravitational-wave detectors based on quantum teleportation. Gravitational-wave detectors, as highly precise displacement-measurement devices, are ultimately limited by quantum shot noise and radiation pressure noise. The trade-off between these two noise sources imposes the so-called standard quantum limit (SQL), as a natural consequence of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Numerous schemes to enhance the quantum noise- limited sensitivity beyond the SQL have been proposed, some of which require nontrivial modifications to the basic Michelson configuration of the detectors. Recently, it has been found that the principles of quantum teleportation can solve this issue; the detector’s sensitivity can be enhanced beyond the SQL at minimal cost via parallel processing, which is a key concept in quantum information processing. We theoretically demonstrate ways to implement quantum teleportation in (1) frequency-dependent squeezing [1] and (2) quantum speed measurement [2], without requiring additional infrastructure or the manufacture of optics. We conclude that these ideas can be viable candidates for future detectors.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/3177/1/012125

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Abstract We propose several quantum noise reduction schemes for gravitational-wave detectors based on quantum teleportation. Gravitational-wave detectors, as highly precise displacement-measurement devices, are ultimately limited by quantum shot noise and radiation pressure noise. The trade-off between these two noise sources imposes the so-called standard quantum limit (SQL), as a natural consequence of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Numerous schemes to enhance the quantum noise- limited sensitivity beyond the SQL have been proposed, some of which require nontrivial modifications to the basic Michelson configuration of the detectors. Recently, it has been found that the principles of quantum teleportation can solve this issue; the detector’s sensitivity can be enhanced beyond the SQL at minimal cost via parallel processing, which is a key concept in quantum information processing. We theoretically demonstrate ways to implement quantum teleportation in (1) frequency-dependent squeezing [1] and (2) quantum speed measurement [2], without requiring additional infrastructure or the manufacture of optics. We conclude that these ideas can be viable candidates for future detectors.
Interferometric gravitational wave detectors (such as advanced LIGO) employ high-power solid-state lasers to maximize their detection sensitivity and hence their reach into the universe. These sophisticated light sources are ultra-stabilized with regard to output power, emission frequency and beam geometry; this is crucial to obtain low detector noise. However, even when all laser noise is reduced as far as technically possible, unavoidable quantum noise of the laser still remains. This is a consequence of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, the basis of quantum mechanics: in this case, it is fundamentally impossible to simultaneously reduce both the phase noise and the amplitude noise of a laser to arbitrarily low levels. This fact manifests in the detector noise budget as two distinct noise sources—photon shot noise and quantum radiation pressure noise—which together form a lower boundary for current-day gravitational wave detector sensitivities, the standard quantum limit of interferometry. To overcome this limit, various techniques are being proposed, among them different uses of non-classical light and alternative interferometer topologies. This article explains how quantum noise enters and manifests in an interferometric gravitational wave detector, and gives an overview of some of the schemes proposed to overcome this seemingly fundamental limitation, all aimed at the goal of higher gravitational wave event detection rates. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The promises of gravitational-wave astronomy’.
We propose a quantum teleportation-based speed meter for interferometric displacement sensing. The primary motivation is to transform a conventional position-sensing interferometer into a quantum non-demolition speed measurement device, without modifying its fundamental optical configuration. Two equivalent implementations are presented: an online approach that uses real-time displacement operation and an offline approach that relies on post-processing. Both implementations reduce quantum radiation pressure noise and surpass the standard quantum limit of measuring displacement, and they can be applied to a wide range of interferometer configurations. We discuss potential applications to gravitational-wave detectors, where our scheme enhances low-frequency sensitivity without requiring modifications to the core optics of a conventional Michelson interferometer (e.g., substrate or coating properties). This approach offers a new path to back-action evasion enabled by quantum entanglement.
Abstract Ground-based interferometric gravitational wave detectors are highly precise sensors for weak forces, limited in sensitivity across their detection band by quantum fluctuations of light. Current and future instruments address this limitation by injecting frequency-dependent squeezed vacuum into the detection port, utilizing narrow-band, low-loss optical cavities for optimal rotation of the squeezing ellipse at each signal frequency. This study introduces a novel scheme employing the principles of quantum teleportation and entangled states of light. It allows achieving broadband suppression of quantum noise in detuned signal recycled-Fabry-Perot--Michelson interferometers, which is the baseline design of the low-frequency detector within the Einstein Telescope xylophone detector, without requiring additional filter cavities or modifications to the core optics of the main interferometer.
The first detections of gravitational waves have opened an exciting new field of astronomy. One of the most fundamental limitations for the sensitivity of current and future interferometric gravitational-wave detectors is imposed by the quantum nature of light: Quantum vacuum fluctuations entering the interferometer through the readout port will contribute to the detection noise, at high frequencies in the form of shot noise and at low frequencies by radiation pressure noise. A promising way to reduce this quantum noise is the injection of squeezed states of light that have a lower uncertainty in one quadrature than the vacuum state. The GEO 600 gravitational-wave detector demonstrated the use of squeezed light in 2010 and it is now the first detector to routinely apply squeezing to improve its sensitivity beyond the limits set by classical quantum shot noise. This thesis details the practical aspects of long-term stable and efficient squeezed-light integration in a large-scale gravitational-wave detector. Imperfections that can limit the amount of observable non-classical noise improvement, such as optical losses and phase fluctuations, were studied in detail and methods for their mitigation were developed. Novel control schemes for the active stabilisation of the squeezed light field's phase and alignment were one main focus of the investigations. At the same time, important experience was gathered in the operation of the squeezed light source over long timescales. Over the course of the thesis work, improvements were implemented that significantly increased the performance of the squeezed-light application. Squeezing was injected with an overall duty cycle of 88%, reaching a noise reduction of up to 4.4 dB, corresponding to a 40% lowered shot-noise level. This work has firmly established the practical application of squeezing as a mature technology. The gained knowledge will directly inform the implementation of squeezed light for all future gravitational-wave detectors.
Quantum fluctuation of light limits the sensitivity of advanced laser interferometric gravitational-wave detectors. It is one of the principal obstacles on the way towards the next-generation gravitational-wave observatories. The envisioned significant improvement of the detector sensitivity requires using quantum non-demolition measurement and back-action evasion techniques, which allow us to circumvent the sensitivity limit imposed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. In our previous review article (Danilishin and Khalili in Living Rev Relativ 15:5, 2012 ), we laid down the basic principles of quantum measurement theory and provided the framework for analysing the quantum noise of interferometers. The scope of this paper is to review novel techniques for quantum noise suppression proposed in the recent years and put them in the same framework. Our delineation of interferometry schemes and topologies is intended as an aid in the process of selecting the design for the next-generation gravitational-wave observatories.
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle dictates that the position and momentum of an object cannot be simultaneously measured with arbitrary precision, giving rise to an apparent limitation known as the standard quantum limit (SQL). Gravitational-wave detectors use photons to continuously measure the positions of freely falling mirrors and so are affected by the SQL. We investigated the performance of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) after the experimental realization of frequency-dependent squeezing designed to surpass the SQL. For the LIGO Livingston detector, we found that the upgrade reduces quantum noise below the SQL by a maximum of three decibels between 35 and 75 hertz while achieving a broadband sensitivity improvement, increasing the overall detector sensitivity during astrophysical observations.