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Crossed two-layer coplanar-waveguide circuit for extending spin dephasing time T2* of ensemble NV centers in a bulk diamond

Y. Kamitsubo, T. Sekiguchi, Masuyama Yuta, T. Taniguchi, M. Miyakawa, C. Shinei, Onoda Shinobu, Saiki Seiichi, Ishii Shuya, Tokuyuki Teraji, Ohshima Takeshi, T. Iwasaki, M. Hatano

Published Dec 17, 2020• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is extensively studied for a next-generation high-sensitivity magnetometer. The DC magnetic sensitivity can be improved by extending the inhomogeneous spin dephasing time through suppressing the effects of inhomogeneous fluctuations or by increasing the number of effective NV centers through expanding the sensor volume. It has been demonstrated that strain-induced dephasing can be suppressed by double quantum (DQ) technique with two-tone microwaves (MW), and spin bath-induced dephasing can be suppressed by spin bath drive (SBD) technique with multi-tone radio-frequency (RF) to drive the P1 centers. To combine these T2* -extension techniques with a bulk diamond, it is necessary to apply MW and RF uniformly to the sample. A coplanar waveguide (CPW) circuit has been reported to be useful for uniform microwave irradiation to a bulk sample. In this study, we reports the newly designed and fabricated a cross-aligned two-layer CPW circuit.

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The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is extensively studied for a next-generation high-sensitivity magnetometer. The DC magnetic sensitivity can be improved by extending the inhomogeneous spin dephasing time through suppressing the effects of inhomogeneous fluctuations or by increasing the number of effective NV centers through expanding the sensor volume. It has been demonstrated that strain-induced dephasing can be suppressed by double quantum (DQ) technique with two-tone microwaves (MW), and spin bath-induced dephasing can be suppressed by spin bath drive (SBD) technique with multi-tone radio-frequency (RF) to drive the P1 centers. To combine these T2* -extension techniques with a bulk diamond, it is necessary to apply MW and RF uniformly to the sample. A coplanar waveguide (CPW) circuit has been reported to be useful for uniform microwave irradiation to a bulk sample. In this study, we reports the newly designed and fabricated a cross-aligned two-layer CPW circuit.
Quantum magnetic sensors based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are expected to be applicable to biological and chemical applications However, their DC magnetic field sensitivity is still insufficient for demanding applications such as magnetoencephalography requiring extraordinary sensitivity. The spin dephasing time 𝑇2∗ is a key parameter to improve the sensitivity, but 𝑇2∗ of typical millimeter-scale NV centers is limited by magnetic field inhomogeneity, strain field inhomogeneity, and electronic spin bath. In this work, we developed (i) a magnet system suppressing both the longitudinal magnetic field and transverse strain field inhomogeneities and (ii) a microwave (MW) and radio-frequency (RF) application system for high-efficiency spin-bath driving (SBD) suitable for a diamond (111) sample.
Ultimate sensitivity for quantum magnetometry using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in a diamond is limited by a number of NV centers and coherence time. Microwave irradiation with a high and homogeneous power density for a large detection volume is necessary to achieve a highly sensitive magnetometer. Here, we demonstrate a microwave resonator to enhance the power density of the microwave field and an optical system with a detection volume of 1.4 × 10−3 mm3. The strong microwave field enables us to achieve 48 ns Rabi oscillation which is sufficiently faster than the phase relaxation time of NV centers. This system combined with a decoupling pulse sequence, XY16, extends the spin coherence time (T2) up to 27 times longer than that with a spin echo method. Consequently, we obtained an AC magnetic field sensitivity of 10.8 pt/Hz using the dynamical decoupling pulse sequence.
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are solid-state quantum sensors that operate at room temperature and allow optical readout of spin states through optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR). Reliable ODMR measurements need controlled microwave excitation to manipulate NV spin states and modulate their fluorescence. In this paper, we report on ensemble NV centers’ interaction with microwave fields transmitted by printed-circuit-board (PCB) radio-frequency (RF) devices. Two microwave structures, a coplanar waveguide transmission line (CPW-TL) and a single-finger interdigitated capacitor (IDC), are designed and impedance-matched at the NV zero-field splitting frequency. Nanodiamond solutions containing NV ensembles are deposited as few-microliter droplets onto the PCB devices and dried, forming localized NV layers on the RF structures. Two-dimensional fluorescence scans are used to link spatial changes in NV fluorescence to the microwave field distributions created by each device geometry. CPW-TLs enable interaction over extended regions along the transmission line, while IDCs produce localized excitation near the capacitive gaps.
The Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) center in diamond is a prominent quantum system leveraged for advanced quantum metrology, particularly in high-precision magnetometry and high-resolution quantum imaging, exploiting the Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR) spectroscopy technique. Proper radio-frequency (RF) excitation of NV centers is critical in order to manipulate these quantum states effectively. Our research focuses on optimizing the continuous-wave RF excitation of ensembles of NV centers on coplanar waveguide transmission lines (CPW-TL), measuring the centers' photoluminescence (PL) signal as a function of RF power. This setup enhances the sensitivity and resolution of the NV center PL signal. By combining CPW-TL lines with nanodiamonds, our approach aims to develop a scalable and tunable platform that can be deployed in a variety of quantum sensing scenarios, including in biomedical applications, navigation systems, environmental monitorlng, and beyond.
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have emerged as promising quantum sensors due to their highly coherent and optically addressable spin states with potential applications in high-sensitivity magnetometry. Homogeneously addressing large ensembles of NV centers offers clear benefit in terms of sensing precision as well as in fundamental studies of collective effects. Such experiments require a spatially uniform, intense, and broadband microwave field that can be difficult to generate. Previous approaches, such as copper wires, loop coils, and planar structures, have shown limitations in field homogeneity, bandwidth, and integration in compact devices. In this paper, we present a coplanar waveguide (CPW) gold coil patterned on a 3 × 3 mm 2 diamond substrate, offering full integration, enhanced stability, and broad bandwidth suitable for various NV sensing applications. Coil fabricated on diamond offers several advantages for magnetometry with NV centers ensemble, including enhanced heat dissipation, seamless integration, scalability, and miniaturization potential. We optimize critical geometrical parameters to achieve a homogeneous magnetic field with a coefficient of variation of less than 6% over an area of 0.5 mm 2 and present experimental results confirming the performance of the proposed CPW coil.