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Secure FSO Transmission of Y-00 Cipher with Quantum Deliberate Signal Randomization under Fog Conditions

Fumio Futami, Ken Tanizawa, Kato, Kentaro

Published Feb 21, 2025• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In this work, we present the security-enhanced 10 Gbit/s dual-polarization phase-shift keying Y-00 cipher transmission with deliberate signal randomization (DSR) driven by quantum random number generator (QRNG). The transmission was demonstrated in free space under dense fog condition. Transmission performance was experimentally evaluated, and sufficiently high Q-factors were achieved for high and low input powers of 0 dBm and -9 dBm. Security performance of the free space transmission was also assessed. The lowest eavesdropper’s symbol error ratio (SER) is increased from 0.952 to 0.999 by the DSR with QRNG for the input power of 0 dBm with 216 phase levels. Even for small phase levels of 213, the SER of 0.631 without QDSR is increased to 0.999 with QDSR. These results are evidence that high security and transmission performance are achieved over the entire transmission system. Furthermore, relationship between quantum noise masking numbers with and without QDSR is theoretically analyzed and limitations of the effectiveness of QDSR are discussed.

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In this work, we present the security-enhanced 10 Gbit/s dual-polarization phase-shift keying Y-00 cipher transmission with deliberate signal randomization (DSR) driven by quantum random number generator (QRNG). The transmission was demonstrated in free space under dense fog condition. Transmission performance was experimentally evaluated, and sufficiently high Q-factors were achieved for high and low input powers of 0 dBm and -9 dBm. Security performance of the free space transmission was also assessed. The lowest eavesdropper’s symbol error ratio (SER) is increased from 0.952 to 0.999 by the DSR with QRNG for the input power of 0 dBm with 216 phase levels. Even for small phase levels of 213, the SER of 0.631 without QDSR is increased to 0.999 with QDSR. These results are evidence that high security and transmission performance are achieved over the entire transmission system. Furthermore, relationship between quantum noise masking numbers with and without QDSR is theoretically analyzed and limitations of the effectiveness of QDSR are discussed.
A record-long 10,118-km fiber transmission with physical layer encryption is demonstrated utilizing a Y-00 cipher based on signal masking by quantum (shot) noise. The Y-00 cipher enables symmetric-key data encryption to ensure the security of the physical layer of optical communications. Irreducible secrecy without significant negative impact on transmission performance is achieved by the synergistic effect of combining seed-key-based high-order modulation and truly random shot noise inevitable in optical detection. This paper reports a comprehensive study of applying a phase-shift-keying (PSK) Y-00 cipher for ultra-long haul fiber transmission. Theoretical analysis shows that security-enhanced transmission over transoceanic-distance (>10,000 km) fiber is feasible when the quadrature PSK data signal is encrypted by converting to a PSK signal with 218 levels. Subsequently, 10,118-km standard single-mode fiber transmission of 48-Gbit/s line-rate dual-polarization PSK Y-00 cipher with 218 levels is experimentally demonstrated. An adequate signal quality above the Q-factor threshold of soft decision forward error correction is achieved together with sufficient signal masking by shot noise, yielding balanced transmission performance and high security in an ultra-long-haul PSK Y-00 cipher transmission system.
A 100-km fiber transmission with 10 Gbit/s is demonstrated based on Y-00 quantum noise randomized stream cipher (QNRC) utilizing cascaded phase shift keying (PSK). The proposed of the experimental scheme is to break the limitation of high-resolution and high-speed digital-to-analog converter (DAC) in the QNRC systems. In this paper, a 10 Gbit/s encrypted signal generated by employing seven cascaded phase modulators (PM) which are driven by designed electrical voltage signals at the transmitter side. The encrypted signal is successfully decrypted by the same six cascaded PMs and digital coherent detection. The experimental results show that the power penalties between back to back (B2B) and 50 km transmission and between B2B and 100 km transmission are 1.2 dB and 2 dB, respectively. The proposed PSK-QNRC system can realize error-free transmission. Meanwhile, the bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed scheme is well below the forward error correction (FEC) threshold. However, the DAC sampling rate of the traditional scheme is not enough to recover the complete waveform. This proposed scheme greatly improves the security of the system.