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Tenth International Conference on Information Optics and Photonics

Experimental demonstration of PSK Y-00 quantum noise randomized stream cipher based on cascaded multiple phase modulators

Jiaqi Zhao, Tao Pu, Jilin Zheng, Hua Ren Zhou, Li Yunkun, Xiaohu Wang, Han Zhou

Published Nov 24, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A 100-km fiber transmission with 10 Gbit/s is demonstrated based on Y-00 quantum noise randomized stream cipher (QNRC) utilizing cascaded phase shift keying (PSK). The proposed of the experimental scheme is to break the limitation of high-resolution and high-speed digital-to-analog converter (DAC) in the QNRC systems. In this paper, a 10 Gbit/s encrypted signal generated by employing seven cascaded phase modulators (PM) which are driven by designed electrical voltage signals at the transmitter side. The encrypted signal is successfully decrypted by the same six cascaded PMs and digital coherent detection. The experimental results show that the power penalties between back to back (B2B) and 50 km transmission and between B2B and 100 km transmission are 1.2 dB and 2 dB, respectively. The proposed PSK-QNRC system can realize error-free transmission. Meanwhile, the bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed scheme is well below the forward error correction (FEC) threshold. However, the DAC sampling rate of the traditional scheme is not enough to recover the complete waveform. This proposed scheme greatly improves the security of the system.

DOI
10.1117/12.3007840

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A 100-km fiber transmission with 10 Gbit/s is demonstrated based on Y-00 quantum noise randomized stream cipher (QNRC) utilizing cascaded phase shift keying (PSK). The proposed of the experimental scheme is to break the limitation of high-resolution and high-speed digital-to-analog converter (DAC) in the QNRC systems. In this paper, a 10 Gbit/s encrypted signal generated by employing seven cascaded phase modulators (PM) which are driven by designed electrical voltage signals at the transmitter side. The encrypted signal is successfully decrypted by the same six cascaded PMs and digital coherent detection. The experimental results show that the power penalties between back to back (B2B) and 50 km transmission and between B2B and 100 km transmission are 1.2 dB and 2 dB, respectively. The proposed PSK-QNRC system can realize error-free transmission. Meanwhile, the bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed scheme is well below the forward error correction (FEC) threshold. However, the DAC sampling rate of the traditional scheme is not enough to recover the complete waveform. This proposed scheme greatly improves the security of the system.
To break the dependence on a high-speed and high-resolution digital-to-analog converter (DAC) in the traditional quantum noise randomized cipher (QNRC), a practical DAC-free modulation scheme based on cascaded phase-shift keying (PSK) is proposed and demonstrated by a proof-of-concept experiment. By employing seven cascaded phase modulators (PMs) driven by designed electrical voltage signals, a 128 PSK-QNRC system is achieved with a transmission rate of 10 Gbaud/s and a transmission distance more than 50 km, which eliminates the need for a DAC on the transmitter side. The bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed scheme is compared to that of a traditional scheme based on an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) with a sampling rate of 25 GSa/s. The results show that compared to a traditional scheme, the power penalties of the proposed scheme are −1.8dB, 0.9 dB, and 1 dB, respectively, at the rates of 10, 5, and 2.5 Gbps. In other words, the BER performance of the proposed scheme is close to the traditional scheme at a low transmission rate, but better than that of the traditional scheme at a high transmission rate, where the sampling rate of the DAC is not high enough to generate a complete waveform. This work greatly enhances the security of a QNRC system.
Quantum-Noise Randomized Cipher (QNRC) is a potentially information-theoretic secure physical-layer encryption method for high-speed and long-distance fiber communications. In order to solve the problem that the modulation and demodulation of M-ary Y-00 ciphertext signal in QNRC system are limited by the ADC chip with high sampling rate and high conversion depth, a novel realization of PSK-QNRC system based on series structure of multiple phase modulators (PM) is proposed, and the performances of the proposed scheme is verified by using commercial simulation software in this paper. The simulation results show that, the 126-PSK QNRC system at 10 Gbit/s over 1000-km optically amplified links is realized based on the series structure of multiple PM. Reducing the mesoscopic power of the ciphertext quantum state can improve the security level of QNRC system, but it will damage the transmission performance of the system at the same time. It is very important to select the appropriate mesoscopic power to optimize the security and reliability of QNRC system.
We present a symmetric-key direct data encryption technique utilizing signal masking by quantum noise, called Y-00 quantum stream cipher. Physical encryption of phase-shift-keying (PSK) Y-00 quantum stream cipher is achieved by our proposed extremely high-order phase modulation. Two cascaded phase modulators are driven with two synchronized digital-to-analog converters for coarse-to-fine modulations, resulting in a record 217 phase levels for the quantum noise masking. Decryption of the cipher is implemented in digital signal processing after intra-dyne coherent detection with a free-running local oscillator. We experimentally demonstrate transmission of 10-Gbaud digital-coherent PSK Y-00 cipher with 217 levels over a 240-km field-installed single-mode fiber.
Quantum-noise randomized cipher (QNRC) is an anti-interception communication technology, which can realize high-speed encryption for data stream in true randomness. In this paper, the characteristics of the phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature phase shift keying(QPSK) QNRC systems are verified by the simulation system with digital coherent demodulation. The decryption process of the QNRC coherent system is carried out in the optical domain for the first time. Specifically, at the quadrature coupler, the modulated local light is coupled with the received encrypted optical signal. The multi-symbol phase estimation(MSPE) module is employed to eliminate the influence of the phase deviation on the signal decision. Finally, error-free secure transmission is realized at 2.5Gsymbol/s over 500km optically amplified links. We reveal the new fact that the mesoscopic power of QPSK-QNRC system is higher than that of PSK-QNRC system.
In this paper, a decryption method for PSK quantum noise randomized cipher (QNRC) was proposed and experimentally demonstrated. By phase modulating the running key on an optical carrier provided by a local oscillator, the ciphertext was decrypted by a homodyne receiver. The experimental QNRC transmission system used in the demonstration has a length of 50 km, the ciphertext number was 1024 with a bit rate of 5Gbps. The experimental results shows that the proposed decryption method can decipher the QNRC signal successfully with promising performance.
A record-long 10,118-km fiber transmission with physical layer encryption is demonstrated utilizing a Y-00 cipher based on signal masking by quantum (shot) noise. The Y-00 cipher enables symmetric-key data encryption to ensure the security of the physical layer of optical communications. Irreducible secrecy without significant negative impact on transmission performance is achieved by the synergistic effect of combining seed-key-based high-order modulation and truly random shot noise inevitable in optical detection. This paper reports a comprehensive study of applying a phase-shift-keying (PSK) Y-00 cipher for ultra-long haul fiber transmission. Theoretical analysis shows that security-enhanced transmission over transoceanic-distance (>10,000 km) fiber is feasible when the quadrature PSK data signal is encrypted by converting to a PSK signal with 218 levels. Subsequently, 10,118-km standard single-mode fiber transmission of 48-Gbit/s line-rate dual-polarization PSK Y-00 cipher with 218 levels is experimentally demonstrated. An adequate signal quality above the Q-factor threshold of soft decision forward error correction is achieved together with sufficient signal masking by shot noise, yielding balanced transmission performance and high security in an ultra-long-haul PSK Y-00 cipher transmission system.