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High-precision robust monitoring of charge/discharge current over a wide dynamic range for electric vehicle batteries using diamond quantum sensors

雄治 波多野, Yuji Hatano, 佑太 重信, Junya Tanigawa, 慧悟 荒井, Yuta Shigenobu, Akimichi Nakazono, T. Sekiguchi, 睦子 波多野, Takeshi Ohshima, Keigo Arai, Takayuki Iwasaki, Mutsuko Hatano

Published Sep 1, 2022• 0 citations
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Abstract Accurate prediction of the remaining driving range of electric vehicles is difficult because the state-of-the-art sensors for measuring battery current are not accurate enough to estimate the state of charge. This is because the battery current of EVs can reach a maximum of several hundred amperes while the average current is only approximately 10 A, and ordinary sensors do not have an accuracy of several tens of milliamperes while maintaining a dynamic range of several hundred amperes. Therefore, the state of charge has to be estimated with an ambiguity of approximately 10%, which makes the battery usage inefficient. This study resolves this limitation by developing a diamond quantum sensor with an inherently wide dynamic range and high sensitivity for measuring the battery current. The design uses the differential detection of two sensors to eliminate in-vehicle common-mode environmental noise, and a mixed analog–digital control to trace the magnetic resonance microwave frequencies of the quantum sensor without deviation over a wide dynamic range. The prototype battery monitor was fabricated and tested. The battery module current was measured up to 130 A covering WLTC driving pattern, and the accuracy of the current sensor to estimate battery state of charge was analyzed to be 10 mA, which will lead to 0.2% CO2 reduction emitted in the 2030 WW transportation field. Moreover, an operating temperature range of − 40 to + 85 °C and a maximum current dynamic range of ± 1000 A were confirmed.
Considering the rising popularity of electric vehicles (EVs), it is essential to enhance the cruising mileage and extend the lifetime of batteries. To accomplish this, accurate monitoring of the charge and discharge current of the battery over a wide temperature range is essential. We developed a compact diamond quantum sensor head with a size of 1 × 1 × 0.5 cm3, consisting of a (111) high-pressure and high-temperature synthesized diamond with nitrogen-vacancy centers, by electron beam irradiation, which was adhered to the top of the multimode fiber and surrounded by the microwave antenna, for EV battery monitoring. We demonstrated that our quantum sensor achieved the current measurement accuracy of 10 mA in the −150 to 150 °C temperature range with a bandwidth of 500 Hz under atmospheric pressure and confirmed that the diamond quantum sensor meets the performance requirements of EV current sensors. Moreover, the temperature dependence of shot noise and external magnetic field noise were investigated, and their relation to the linewidth and contrast of the optically detected magnetic resonance spectrum were analyzed. At high temperatures, the contrast decreased because shortening of the singlet lifetime, which accelerate the initialization. At low temperatures, the contrast was slightly decreased. This is possibly a result of increased losses due to condensation on the microwave antenna.