As the core foundation of quantum mechanics, wave-particle duality and the micro-macro description gap have long been controversial. Based on the Unified Complex System Theory (UCST) particle-life hypothesis, dualistic ontology, this paper presents a self-consistent interpretive framework for wave-particle duality in gas-liquid systems. The framework discards artificial micro-macro leaps and assumes particles have life-like properties: particle nature arises from ether-based material entities, while wave nature stems from two medium vibration modes—mind-driven active vibrations and environment-induced passive vibrations. In gas, statistical superposition of active intrinsic vibrations forms de Broglie matter waves, consistent with Planck’s quantum hypothesis and the UCST gas equation. In liquid, coordinated passive forced vibrations produce classical water waves, satisfying the standard wave equation and UCST macroscopic fluid mechanics. Through active-passive synergistic dynamics, the theory achieves a continuous transition of wave-particle behavior across gas, gas-liquid coexistence, and liquid phases. It maintains consistency with classical mechanics, clarifies the intrinsic origin of wave motion, and offers a unified physical mechanism and mathematical logic for reconciling wave-particle duality across microcosmic and macrocosmic systems, complementing UCST’s unification of microscopic and macroscopic physics.
As the core foundation of quantum mechanics, wave-particle duality and the micro-macro description gap have long been controversial. Based on the Unified Complex System Theory (UCST) particle-life hypothesis, dualistic ontology, this paper presents a self-consistent interpretive framework for wave-particle duality in gas-liquid systems. The framework discards artificial micro-macro leaps and assumes particles have life-like properties: particle nature arises from ether-based material entities, while wave nature stems from two medium vibration modes—mind-driven active vibrations and environment-induced passive vibrations. In gas, statistical superposition of active intrinsic vibrations forms de Broglie matter waves, consistent with Planck’s quantum hypothesis and the UCST gas equation. In liquid, coordinated passive forced vibrations produce classical water waves, satisfying the standard wave equation and UCST macroscopic fluid mechanics. Through active-passive synergistic dynamics, the theory achieves a continuous transition of wave-particle behavior across gas, gas-liquid coexistence, and liquid phases. It maintains consistency with classical mechanics, clarifies the intrinsic origin of wave motion, and offers a unified physical mechanism and mathematical logic for reconciling wave-particle duality across microcosmic and macrocosmic systems, complementing UCST’s unification of microscopic and macroscopic physics.
As two core concepts in physics, waves and fields have evolved alongside the advancement of modern physics: originating from mechanical oscillations and Newtonian action-at-a-distance in classical mechanics, they later developed into wave-particle duality and triggered the field-theory revolution within quantum mechanics. Their intrinsic interconnection has long stood as a pivotal research target for physicists pursuing a unified physical framework. This study adopts Unified Complex Systems Theory (UCST) as its ontological backbone and incorporates the realist philosophical underpinnings of Bohmian Mechanics (BM), strictly abiding by the fundamental scientific premise that physical research is confined to observable phenomena. It establishes an integrated theoretical framework unifying waves and fields from four core dimensions: ontological definition, categorization of material existential forms, the intrinsic nature of fundamental interactions, and the consistent logical linkage among waves, particles and physical fields. By retracing the historical developmental trajectory of wave and field definitions, this work reviews prominent cognitive misconceptions formed during the conceptual evolution from the combined perspective of UCST and BM, remedies the theoretical limitations embedded within conventional physical frameworks, and puts forward a core argument: waves arise from the collective coordinated motion of massive particles, whereas fields function as the underlying interaction mechanism governing wave propagation. This work thus achieves triple-layer unification of waves and fields at the levels of kinematic forms, interaction mechanisms and material carriers, offering an original research paradigm for the ongoing development of grand unified physics.
Why does matter possess wave-like properties? Is wave-particle duality an inherent dual nature of matter, or merely a projection of a deeper underlying physical structure under two distinct observational perspectives? This paper presents a rigorous first-principles derivation of matter wave dynamics within the axiomatic framework of Time Field Theory (TFT). The entire derivation relies solely on two core axioms: local intrinsic total velocity conservation and metric self-consistency (flux conservation), without introducing any extra postulates. Following the logical sequence of ontological foundation, phase derivation, wave generation, hierarchical classification, physical correspondence, extreme-case verification, and unified spectrum construction, this paper first establishes the core ontological premise that matter corresponds to localized condensed states of the time field. It then derives the geometric structure of the existence phase angle on the unit circle of the complex plane from the velocity conservation axiom, revealing the fundamental origin of intrinsic material phases. On this basis, the de Broglie relations are strictly derived, eliminating the dualistic contradiction between particle and wave characteristics. This work further distinguishes two distinct wave regimes: intrinsic waves originating from phase evolution within condensed states, and apparent waves arising from the global spatial translation of field distributions, which are respectively mapped onto electromagnetic waves and gravitational waves as two classes of physical reality. Using black hole horizons as an extreme physical testbed, we demonstrate that intrinsic wave phenomena vanish completely at time-freezing surfaces while apparent wave behaviors remain intact, providing a unified explanation for the observational fact that black holes emit no light yet produce gravitational waves. We also clarify the ontological origin of black hole darkness: light is not trapped by gravity, but the physical conditions required for photon generation cease to hold at time-freezing surfaces. Finally, we construct a continuous spectrum of wave behaviors ranging from the vacuum ground state to black hole horizons. This paper proves that wave-like behavior is not a binary ”present/absent” attribute of matter, but a continuous function of the condensation strength of the time field. Quantum mechanics and classical mechanics do not describe two separate physical worlds; instead, they represent two limiting regimes of a single universal time field under different condensation levels.
Wave-particle duality is widely regarded as one of the conceptual pillars of modern quantum theory, providing the framework through which the behavior of microscopic matter can be consistently interpreted. According to this principle, microscopic entities such as electrons, photons, atoms and even complex molecules exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties depending on the experimental configuration used to observe them. This duality is quantitatively formalized through the De Broglie relation, which associates a wavelength with any particle possessing momentum. The present work provides a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the physical and mathematical foundations of wave-particle duality, focusing particularly on the De Broglie wavelength and the kinetic energy of the electron in both non-relativistic and relativistic regimes. The connection between the De Broglie hypothesis and Schrödinger’s equation is discussed in detail, highlighting the role of the kinetic energy operator and the interpretation of matter waves in terms of quantum wave packets. Experimental evidence supporting the wave nature of matter, including electron diffraction experiments and interferometry techniques, is also reviewed. Beyond their conceptual importance, these principles underpin several modern technologies, including electron microscopy, nanoscale semiconductor devices and quantum metrology. The analysis demonstrates that the De Broglie relation provides a unifying framework connecting momentum, wavelength and kinetic energy, thereby forming a fundamental bridge between classical mechanics, quantum theory and modern technological applications.
The traditional theory of wave-particle duality holds that microscopic particles are both particles and waves. This view arises from the limitations of early experimental techniques, which equate the statistical wave behavior of a large number of particles directly with the essential properties of a single particle, leading to problems such as logical inconsistency and vague physical picture. Based on modern single-particle emission experiments and basic physical logic, this paper proposes a new explanation: the essential nature of microscopic particles is always particle, not wave; the observed wave property originates from the inherent, continuous, and omnidirectional tiny vibration of particles themselves, which is an external manifestation of particle motion rather than an intrinsic attribute. The strength of a particle’s wave property is closely related to its mass: the smaller the mass, the more significant the vibration and the stronger the wave property; the larger the mass, the weaker the vibration and the less obvious the wave property. Wave-like phenomena such as double-slit interference are the statistical distribution results of landing positions caused by the inherent vibration of numerous particles. This paper reconstructs the physical essence of wave-particle phenomena with concise and self-consistent logic, providing a more intuitive and unified new idea for understanding the microscopic world.
This work presents a unified, realistic, and mechanically grounded interpretation of fundamental physics across all scales, from quarks and elementary particles to atoms, macroscopic bodies, planetary motion, and black holes. The proposed framework provides a single coherent physical description capable of reproducing and explaining, within a common dynamical structure, the full range of phenomena traditionally treated separately by general relativity, quantum mechanics, and quantum electrodynamics. Within this approach, long-standing conceptual problems such as wave–particle duality, quantum interference, entanglement, and wavefunction collapse are not postulated as fundamental features of nature, but emerge naturally as dynamical properties of a physically real medium. The apparent dual behavior of matter and radiation, as well as nonlocal quantum correlations, arise from coherent and topologically constrained excitations of this medium, without invoking probabilistic ontologies or nonphysical abstractions. The theory is based on a revised physical concept of space, treated as a real superfluid medium endowed with density, elasticity, viscosity, permittivity, permeability, and a very small but non-zero electrical conductivity. In this model, space is no longer a passive geometric background, but an active physical system capable of storing, transmitting, and dissipating energy.Mass is interpreted as an isotropic compression of the superfluid, electric charge as an oriented torsional configuration, and fields as elastic stress and vorticity distributions of the medium itself. Electromagnetic and gravitational waves are described as propagating perturbations of the superfluid, while particles correspond to stable solitonic configurations sustained by the medium dynamics.At the microscopic level, starting from classical fluid equations (continuity and Euler equations) and applying the Madelung transformation, the Schrödinger equation is shown to emerge as a compact complex representation of the underlying real fluid dynamics, rather than as a fundamental postulate. Quantum phenomena such as quantization, tunneling, spin, and exclusion principles follow from stability, coherence, and topological constraints of solitonic wave structures. On cosmological scales, the same framework provides a unified interpretation of redshift, large-scale expansion phenomena, and the cosmic microwave background as cumulative dynamical and dissipative effects of wave propagation within the superfluid medium, rather than as consequences of metric expansion alone. Effects commonly attributed to dark matter and dark energy are reinterpreted as emergent manifestations of spatial density gradients, elastic stresses, and dissipative properties of the superfluid, without introducing additional unknown components. A wide range of experimentally verified phenomena—including the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, Zeeman–Stark effects, the Aharonov–Bohm effect, Casimir effect, Unruh radiation, and cosmological attenuation effects—are consistently described within this unified framework. The proposed model offers an alternative foundational paradigm for physics, in which space, matter, and interactions emerge from a single physically intelligible dynamical system, restoring a continuous and causal description of nature from microscopic to cosmological scales.
The traditional theory of waveparticle duality holds that microscopic particles are both particles and waves. This view arises from the limitations of early experimental techniques, which equate the statistical wavelike behavior of a large number of particles directly with the essential properties of individual particles, leading to problems such as logical inconsistency and vague physical pictures. Based on the experimental facts of modern singleparticle emission and fundamental physical logic, combined with the real physical effects of doubleslit structures, this paper proposes a new interpretation: the essential nature of microscopic particles is always particle, not wave; the observed wavelike property originates from the inherent, continuous, and omnidirectional tiny vibrations of particles themselves; the significant range of doubleslit interference fringes results from the combined action of particle inherent vibration and slitwall collision scattering. Changing the slit walls to fully absorbing materials can eliminate scattering interference and verify the above mechanism. This paper reconstructs the essential nature of waveparticle phenomena with concise and selfconsistent logic, providing a more intuitive and unified new idea for understanding the microscopic world.