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Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences

Unlocking physical-layer security in cooperative wireless networks with multiple relays in α − μ fading environments

Ayam Saddouq, Mamoun F. Al‐Mistarihi, Mahmoud A. Khodeir, Khalid Ahmad Darabkh

Published Mar 23, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Cooperative communication has emerged as a pivotal innovation in wireless networks, allowing multiple sites with single antennas to collaborate in signal transmission, thereby improving power efficiency, enhancing spatial diversity, and increasing the reliability of signal reception. This paper introduces a cooperative communication system comprising two communicating nodes, multiple relays, and an eavesdropper. The eavesdropper attempts to intercept the signals transmitted between the two nodes. To mitigate this threat, a jamming signal is employed as artificial interference, degrading the quality of the wiretap channel and preventing the eavesdropper from successfully acquiring the transmitted data, thereby enhancing system security. The $$\alpha -\mu$$ α - μ fading distribution is utilized as a generalized model for wireless channel fading. The system model is analyzed, and closed-form expressions for secrecy outage probability are derived for single-relay and the asymptotic secrecy outage probability is derived for multiple-relay scenarios, and finally the probability of the correct computation of the secrecy packets is evaluated. Analytical results are provided to substantiate the theoretical outcomes.

DOI
10.1007/s44444-025-00093-9

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Abstract Cooperative communication has emerged as a pivotal innovation in wireless networks, allowing multiple sites with single antennas to collaborate in signal transmission, thereby improving power efficiency, enhancing spatial diversity, and increasing the reliability of signal reception. This paper introduces a cooperative communication system comprising two communicating nodes, multiple relays, and an eavesdropper. The eavesdropper attempts to intercept the signals transmitted between the two nodes. To mitigate this threat, a jamming signal is employed as artificial interference, degrading the quality of the wiretap channel and preventing the eavesdropper from successfully acquiring the transmitted data, thereby enhancing system security. The α−μ\alpha -\muα−μ α - μ fading distribution is utilized as a generalized model for wireless channel fading. The system model is analyzed, and closed-form expressions for secrecy outage probability are derived for single-relay and the asymptotic secrecy outage probability is derived for multiple-relay scenarios, and finally the probability of the correct computation of the secrecy packets is evaluated. Analytical results are provided to substantiate the theoretical outcomes.
Cooperative communication is an emerging method that allows devices with a single antenna to share their antennas and assist other nodes in transmitting signals. This leads to enhanced spatial diversity, lower power consumption, and increased reliability of signal reception. This study uses full-duplex mode and α−μ\alpha-\muα−μ fading channels and derives the secrecy outage probability for a single relay to assess the system’s secrecy performance and examine how utilizing jamming signals affects system security. Theoretical results for the derived expression are given.
In this paper, we analyze the secrecy performance of a cooperative communication wireless system using nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) over α - μ fading channel. A new cooperative NOMA scheme is proposed to protect the confidential communication that is transmitted from a source to two users by the help of a relay under the monitoring of an eavesdropper (EAV). In particular, the legitimate user generates jamming signals to the EAV while the source transmits the signals to the relay and the source sends jamming signals to the EAV while the relay forwards the signals to the users. In order to evaluate the secrecy performance, the physical layer security (PLS) in term of the secrecy outage probability (SOP) for the active protection scheme (APS) is investigated and compared to that for a benchmark non-protection scheme (NPS). Simulation results show that the APS can effectively enhance the secrecy performance.
In this paper, we investigate the performance of cooperative amplify-and-forward (AF) multi-relay networks with relay selection strategy over independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Nakagami-m fading channels. In this system we study multiuser cooperative relaying to have a secure transmission from source to destination, since transmitted information may be wiretapped by multiple eavesdroppers. The secrecy outage probability is derived in closed-form using signal-to-noise-ratio statistics, while a useful expression is presented for the asymptotically low outage regime. Our results explicitly demonstrate significant improvement of the secrecy outage probability in the multi-relay scenario.
Because of the openness of the wireless relay channel, the confidential information transmitted in the channel is very easy to be eavesdropped on by malicious eavesdroppers and cause information leakage. In specifically, a friendly jammer will transmit a jamming signal to confound an eavesdropper attempting to listen in on a relay transmission. For wireless relay networks using the Rayleigh fading channel model, this research proposes a physical layer security technique based on cooperative interference. In the system, we design two-time stages to realize the transmission of the source to the user. During the initial phase, the signal source transmits a composite signal to both the user and the relay. In the second phase, the confidential information is relayed and artificial noise is generated by friendly jammers to confuse eavesdroppers. Through our proposed method, we derive precise analytical expressions for the intercept probability (IP) and outage probability (OP). The correctness of the theoretical derivation is verified by numerical results and theoretical simulation.
Motivated by recent developments in wireless communication, this thesis aims to characterize the secrecy performance in several types of typical wireless networks. Advanced techniques are designed and evaluated to enhance physical layer security in these networks with realistic assumptions, such as signal propagation loss, random node distribution and non-instantaneous channel state information (CSI). The first part of the thesis investigates secret communication through relay-assisted cognitive interference channel. The primary and secondary base stations (PBS and SBS) communicate with the primary and secondary receivers (PR and SR) respectively in the presence of multiple eavesdroppers. The SBS is allowed to transmit simultaneously with the PBS over the same spectrum instead of waiting for an idle channel. To improve security, cognitive relays transmit cooperative jamming (CJ) signals to create additional interferences in the direction of the eavesdroppers. Two CJ schemes are proposed to improve the secrecy rate of cognitive interference channels depending on the structure of cooperative relays. In the scheme where the multiple-antenna relay transmits weighted jamming signals, the combined approach of CJ and beamforming is investigated. In the scheme with multiple relays transmitting weighted jamming signals, the combined approach of CJ and relay selection is analyzed. Numerical results show that both these two schemes are effective in improving physical layer security of cognitive interference channel. In the second part, the focus is shifted to physical layer security in a random wireless network where both legitimate and eavesdropping nodes are randomly distributed. Three scenarios are analyzed to investigate the impact of various factors on security. In scenario one, the basic scheme is studied without a protected zone and interference. The probability distribution function (PDF) of channel gain with both fading and path loss has been derived and further applied to derive secrecy connectivity and ergodic secrecy capacity. In the second scenario, we studied using a protected zone surrounding the source node to enhance security where interference is absent. Both the cases that eavesdroppers are aware and unaware of the protected zone boundary are investigated. Based on the above scenarios, further deployment of the protected zones at legitimate receivers is designed to convert detrimental interference into a beneficial factor. Numerical results are investigated to check the reliability of the PDF for reciprocal of channel gain and to analyze the impact of protected zones on secrecy performance. In the third part, physical layer security in the downlink transmission of cellular network is studied. To model the repulsive property of the cellular network planning, we assume that the base stations (BSs) follow the Mat´ern hard-core point process (HCPP), while the eavesdroppers are deployed as an independent Poisson point process (PPP). The distribution function of the distances from a typical point to the nodes of the HCPP is derived. The noise-limited and interference-limited cellular networks are investigated by applying the fractional frequency reuse (FFR) in the system. For the noise-limited network, we derive the secrecy outage probability with two different strategies, i.e. the best BS serve and the nearest BS serve, by analyzing the statistics of channel gains. For the interference-limited network with the nearest BS serve, two transmission schemes are analyzed, i.e., transmission with and without the FFR. Numerical results reveal that both the schemes of transmitting with the best BS and the application of the FFR are beneficial for physical layer security in the downlink cellular networks, while the improvement due
In this paper, we investigate the physical layer security technique of a cooperative communication network with a source node having multiple transmitting antennas, in which these antennas provide the most optimal antenna to increase security performance to a destination node via a relay node in the presence of an eavesdropper node. Here, we propose and analyze a transmission antenna selection (TAS) solution to enhance security performance in the eavesdropping channel, the cooperative communication model between the source node including multiple transmitting antennas and a destination node through a relay node and the influence of the eavesdropping node. The secrecy performance is exactly evaluated based on the secrecy outage probability (SOP) of the main channel compared to the eavesdropping channel in the Rayleigh fading channels. Monte-Carlo simulation method is applied to verify simulations and theoretical analysis results in the proposed model. The results show that when using such multiple transmit antennas significantly enhanced the system's security performance.