Photonics

Probabilistic Shaping-Assisted Bases Precoding in QAM Quantum Noise Stream Cipher

Siqi Wei, Sheng Liu, Wei Wang, Chao Lei, Kongni Zhu, Mingrui Zhang, Yuang Li, Yunbo Li, Dong Wang, Dechao Zhang, Han Li, Yajie Li, Yongli Zhao, Jie Zhang

Published Mar 23, 2026• 0 citations

Publisher

Abstract

We propose a probabilistic shaping-assisted base precoding quantum noise stream cipher (PSABP QNSC) scheme to effectively alleviate the encryption penalty in QAM QNSC systems. In contrast to the uniformly distributed bases adopted in traditional QNSC, Gaussian distributed bases can provide shaping gain. We theoretically analyze the underlying gain mechanism of Gaussian distributed bases in the PSABP QNSC scheme. Experimental results of 160 km reveal that the encryption penalties of QPSK and 16QAM are reduced by 0.44 dB and 0.27 dB, in terms of OSNR. Moreover, the security is quantified through the number of masked signals as a primary key metric. To mitigate the impact of base precoding, we propose the effective bases and effective ciphertext symbol points to refine the security evaluation. Moreover, the security is estimated in terms of mutual information leakage, with 2.2×10−4 bits of QPSK and 1.85×10−4 bits of 16QAM. The results indicate that the PSABP QNSC scheme provides effective protection against eavesdropping.

DOI: 10.3390/photonics13030307

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