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Journal of Lightwave Technology

Classical Decoherence Modeling of Mixed Polarization States in Birefringent Nonlinear Single-Mode Fibers

N. Lozano-Crisóstomo, M. A. González-Galicia, J. C. García-Melgarejo, Jesús Emmanuel Gómez-Correa

Published Mar 16, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In a recent study, N. Matsuda et al. [1] experimentally demonstrated the optical Kerr effect at the single photon level in optical fibers. This achievement strongly supports the feasibility of implementing optical quantum information processing (OQIP) based on the Kerr nonlinearity in optical fibers. Nevertheless, decoherence introduces significant techno logical limitations to the realization of OQIP in such systems. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of decoherence is essential to develop practical mitigation strategies. In the present work, we examine the loss of phase coherence, called classical decoherence, through a two-step process applied within each segment of a concatenated birefringent nonlinear single-mode optical fibers (BNLOFs). This investigation serves as a preliminary step toward establishing the foundational knowledge required for addressing quantum decoherence in BNLOFs. An analytical model describing classical decoherence of mixed polarization states in BNLOFs is developed, providing a classical analogue to the quantum decoherence phenomenon.

DOI
10.1109/jlt.2026.3674437

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In a recent study, N. Matsuda et al. [1] experimentally demonstrated the optical Kerr effect at the single photon level in optical fibers. This achievement strongly supports the feasibility of implementing optical quantum information processing (OQIP) based on the Kerr nonlinearity in optical fibers. Nevertheless, decoherence introduces significant techno logical limitations to the realization of OQIP in such systems. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of decoherence is essential to develop practical mitigation strategies. In the present work, we examine the loss of phase coherence, called classical decoherence, through a two-step process applied within each segment of a concatenated birefringent nonlinear single-mode optical fibers (BNLOFs). This investigation serves as a preliminary step toward establishing the foundational knowledge required for addressing quantum decoherence in BNLOFs. An analytical model describing classical decoherence of mixed polarization states in BNLOFs is developed, providing a classical analogue to the quantum decoherence phenomenon.
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We investigate the effects of polarization mode dispersion (PMD) on the propagation of single- and two-photon states in single-mode fibers. We look at PMD as decoherence due to the system's coupling with the bosonic environment involved in optical birefringence and a thermal bath, respectively. The evolution of the polarization density matrix is described by a master equation, and its solution is used to calculate the differential group delay (DGD) due to the fiber. The PMD effects on the dynamics of EPR states in optical fibers are investigated by using the same method. In both the short-time and long-time regimes, we find that PMD-induced and thermal-induced decoherence behave similarly.
The implementation of quantum communication protocols in long optical fibers is limited by several decoherence mechanisms. In this contribution we review this mechanisms and analysis their effect on the quantum states. Because of asymmetry in the real fibers, the two orthogonal polarization modes are propagated at different phase and group velocities. The difference in group velocities results in Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD). It is created by random fluctuations of the residual birefringence in optical fibers, such that the State of Polarization (SOP) of an optical signal will turn randomly over time, in an unpredictable way. In optical quantum communication, quantum state measurement is necessary. The bottleneck for communication between far apart nodes is the increasing of the error probability with the length of the channel connecting the nodes. For an optical fiber, the value of absorption and depolarization of a photon (i.e., the qubit) increases exponentially with the length of the fiber.
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