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Vector Mereology

Phil Pickering, Sam Baron, John Tanner

Published Jan 15, 2026• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

This paper outlines a notion of parthood for vectors, which has come to the fore in discussions of quantum mechanics. We show that existing accounts fail to generalise in a way that preserves transitivity. We thus present a new more general account that preserves transitivity and is applicable to quantum systems but may have applicability beyond quantum mechanics, including classical vector quantities and waves.

Related papers

Vector Parthood

Phil Pickering, Sam Baron, John Tanner

The goal of this paper is to outline a viable notion of parthood for vectors. The importance of vector parthood has come to the fore in discussions of quantum mechanics, with two accounts existing already. We show that both fail to preserve the transitivity of parthood. We thus present a new account of vector parthood that preserves transitivity and is applicable to quantum systems. We close by suggesting some applications for the notion we present here that go beyond quantum mechanics, including ordinary sinusoidal waves (e.g., water or sound waves).

•Jan 15, 2026•0 citations

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I propose and defend an analysis of the parthood relation among quantum wavefunctions. Roughly put, according to the analysis, one wavefunction is part of another just in case the latter can be projected onto the former. This analysis brings mereology into closer contact with contemporary physics, implies many standard mereological principles, challenges some traditional mereological presuppositions, and supports compelling answers to long-standing questions about parthood.

The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science•Feb 25, 2025•1 citation

Discrete Quantum Mechanics I: Quantum Covariance

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Classically general covariance is found from the idea that a vector is a physical quantity which exists independently of choice of coordinate system and is unchanged by a change of coordinate system. It is often assumed that there exists some form of absolute mathematical space or space-time, and that in a flat space approximation vectors can be imagined between defined points in this space-time, much as we can imagine an arrowed line drawn on a piece of paper. However, while classical vector quantities can be represented on paper, in the quantum domain physical quantities do not in general exist with precise values except in measurement; a change of apparatus, for example by rotating it, may affect the outcome of the measurement, so the condition for general covariance does not apply. The purpose of this paper is to re-examine covariance within the context of an orthodox, Dirac-Von Neumann interpretation of quantum mechanics, to replace it with a new condition, here called quantum covariance, and to show that quantum covariance is the required condition for the unification of general relativity with quantum mechanics for non-interacting particles.

arXiv:gr-qc/0205001•Apr 30, 2002•0 citations

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We have seen in the previous chapter how useful wave mechanics can be in solving physical problems. But wave mechanics has several limitations. It describes physical states by means of wave functions, which are functions of the positions of the particles of the system, but why should we single out position as the fundamental physical observable? For instance, we might want to describe states in terms of probability amplitudes for particles to have certain values of the momentum or energy rather than the position. A more fundamental limitation is that there are attributes of physical systems that cannot be described at all in terms of the positions and momenta of a set of particles. One of these attributes is spin , which will be a chief subject of Chapter 4. Another is the value of the electric or magnetic field at some point in space, treated in Chapter 11. This chapter will describe the principles of quantum mechanics in a formalism which is essentially the “transformation theory” of Dirac, mentioned briefly in Section 1.4. This formalism generalizes both the wave mechanics of Schrödinger and the matrix mechanics of Heisenberg, and is sufficiently comprehensive to apply to any sort of physical system. States The first postulate of quantum mechanics is that physical states can be represented as vectors in a sort of abstract space known as Hilbert space . Before getting into Hilbert space, I need to say a bit about vectors in general. In kindergarten we learn that vectors are quantities with both magnitude and direction. Later, when we study analytic geometry, we learn instead to describe a vector in d dimensions as a string of d numbers, the components of the vector. The latter approach lends itself well to calculation, but in some respects the kindergarten version is better, because it allows us to describe relations among vectors without specifying a coordinate system. For instance, a statement that one vector is parallel to a second vector, or perpendicular to a third, has nothing to do with how we choose our coordinate system. Here we will formulate what we mean by vector spaces in general, and Hilbert space in particular, in a way that is independent of the coordinates we use to describe directions in these spaces.

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This chapter outlines the formal rules of quantum mechanics. A formal mathematical object that possesses these properties was introduced by Dirac and called the Dirac delta function. It is discussed further in Appendix C. The association of wave functions with vectors is actually more than a mere analogy. It is possible to formulate quantum mechanics abstractly in the language of generalized vectors and to regard wave functions as simply one particular representation of the vector algebra. The chapter discusses that the wave functions that arise from the standard physical problems to be considered do form a complete set. In quantum mechanics one frequently deals with infinite-dimensional space and the question of completeness is mathematically delicate. In classical mechanics there is a well-known association between the existence of geometrical symmetries in a mechanical system and the constancy in time of certain dynamical quantities.

Routledge eBooks•Apr 27, 2018•0 citations

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Theological engagement with quantum physics has, to this day, been dominated by the Copenhagen interpretation. However, philosophers and physicists working in the “quantum foundations” field have largely abandoned the Copenhagen view on account of what is widely seen as its troublesome antirealism. Other metaphysical approaches have come to the fore instead, which often take a strongly realist flavor, such as de Broglie‐Bohm, or Everett's “Many‐Worlds” interpretation. In the spirit of recent quantum foundations work, this article introduces a collection of studies aimed at taking quantum theology “beyond Copenhagen.” The present article advocates a commitment to “quantum fundamentalism,” which could resolve some of the enduring ontological problems faced by existing theological work with quantum mechanics, especially in discussions of quantum special divine action. Taking quantum fundamentalism literally would mean a departure from the Copenhagen interpretation, and the article suggests the need for a new research program to lay the groundwork in the natural theology of quantum foundations.

Zygon®•Feb 17, 2023•6 citations
This paper outlines a notion of parthood for vectors, which has come to the fore in discussions of quantum mechanics. We show that existing accounts fail to generalise in a way that preserves transitivity. We thus present a new more general account that preserves transitivity and is applicable to quantum systems but may have applicability beyond quantum mechanics, including classical vector quantities and waves.
The goal of this paper is to outline a viable notion of parthood for vectors. The importance of vector parthood has come to the fore in discussions of quantum mechanics, with two accounts existing already. We show that both fail to preserve the transitivity of parthood. We thus present a new account of vector parthood that preserves transitivity and is applicable to quantum systems. We close by suggesting some applications for the notion we present here that go beyond quantum mechanics, including ordinary sinusoidal waves (e.g., water or sound waves).
Classically general covariance is found from the idea that a vector is a physical quantity which exists independently of choice of coordinate system and is unchanged by a change of coordinate system. It is often assumed that there exists some form of absolute mathematical space or space-time, and that in a flat space approximation vectors can be imagined between defined points in this space-time, much as we can imagine an arrowed line drawn on a piece of paper. However, while classical vector quantities can be represented on paper, in the quantum domain physical quantities do not in general exist with precise values except in measurement; a change of apparatus, for example by rotating it, may affect the outcome of the measurement, so the condition for general covariance does not apply. The purpose of this paper is to re-examine covariance within the context of an orthodox, Dirac-Von Neumann interpretation of quantum mechanics, to replace it with a new condition, here called quantum covariance, and to show that quantum covariance is the required condition for the unification of general relativity with quantum mechanics for non-interacting particles.
We have seen in the previous chapter how useful wave mechanics can be in solving physical problems. But wave mechanics has several limitations. It describes physical states by means of wave functions, which are functions of the positions of the particles of the system, but why should we single out position as the fundamental physical observable? For instance, we might want to describe states in terms of probability amplitudes for particles to have certain values of the momentum or energy rather than the position. A more fundamental limitation is that there are attributes of physical systems that cannot be described at all in terms of the positions and momenta of a set of particles. One of these attributes is spin , which will be a chief subject of Chapter 4. Another is the value of the electric or magnetic field at some point in space, treated in Chapter 11. This chapter will describe the principles of quantum mechanics in a formalism which is essentially the “transformation theory” of Dirac, mentioned briefly in Section 1.4. This formalism generalizes both the wave mechanics of Schrödinger and the matrix mechanics of Heisenberg, and is sufficiently comprehensive to apply to any sort of physical system. States The first postulate of quantum mechanics is that physical states can be represented as vectors in a sort of abstract space known as Hilbert space . Before getting into Hilbert space, I need to say a bit about vectors in general. In kindergarten we learn that vectors are quantities with both magnitude and direction. Later, when we study analytic geometry, we learn instead to describe a vector in d dimensions as a string of d numbers, the components of the vector. The latter approach lends itself well to calculation, but in some respects the kindergarten version is better, because it allows us to describe relations among vectors without specifying a coordinate system. For instance, a statement that one vector is parallel to a second vector, or perpendicular to a third, has nothing to do with how we choose our coordinate system. Here we will formulate what we mean by vector spaces in general, and Hilbert space in particular, in a way that is independent of the coordinates we use to describe directions in these spaces.
This chapter outlines the formal rules of quantum mechanics. A formal mathematical object that possesses these properties was introduced by Dirac and called the Dirac delta function. It is discussed further in Appendix C. The association of wave functions with vectors is actually more than a mere analogy. It is possible to formulate quantum mechanics abstractly in the language of generalized vectors and to regard wave functions as simply one particular representation of the vector algebra. The chapter discusses that the wave functions that arise from the standard physical problems to be considered do form a complete set. In quantum mechanics one frequently deals with infinite-dimensional space and the question of completeness is mathematically delicate. In classical mechanics there is a well-known association between the existence of geometrical symmetries in a mechanical system and the constancy in time of certain dynamical quantities.
Theological engagement with quantum physics has, to this day, been dominated by the Copenhagen interpretation. However, philosophers and physicists working in the “quantum foundations” field have largely abandoned the Copenhagen view on account of what is widely seen as its troublesome antirealism. Other metaphysical approaches have come to the fore instead, which often take a strongly realist flavor, such as de Broglie‐Bohm, or Everett's “Many‐Worlds” interpretation. In the spirit of recent quantum foundations work, this article introduces a collection of studies aimed at taking quantum theology “beyond Copenhagen.” The present article advocates a commitment to “quantum fundamentalism,” which could resolve some of the enduring ontological problems faced by existing theological work with quantum mechanics, especially in discussions of quantum special divine action. Taking quantum fundamentalism literally would mean a departure from the Copenhagen interpretation, and the article suggests the need for a new research program to lay the groundwork in the natural theology of quantum foundations.