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Vector Parthood

Phil Pickering, Sam Baron, John Tanner

Published Jan 15, 2026• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The goal of this paper is to outline a viable notion of parthood for vectors. The importance of vector parthood has come to the fore in discussions of quantum mechanics, with two accounts existing already. We show that both fail to preserve the transitivity of parthood. We thus present a new account of vector parthood that preserves transitivity and is applicable to quantum systems. We close by suggesting some applications for the notion we present here that go beyond quantum mechanics, including ordinary sinusoidal waves (e.g., water or sound waves).

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The goal of this paper is to outline a viable notion of parthood for vectors. The importance of vector parthood has come to the fore in discussions of quantum mechanics, with two accounts existing already. We show that both fail to preserve the transitivity of parthood. We thus present a new account of vector parthood that preserves transitivity and is applicable to quantum systems. We close by suggesting some applications for the notion we present here that go beyond quantum mechanics, including ordinary sinusoidal waves (e.g., water or sound waves).
Abstract In an article in ‘Nature’ last February I put forward a suggestion, of necessity in so concise a form as to be not very easily intelligible, that when the magnetic properties of the atom are regarded from the point of view of the wave mechanics, they suggest that the electron is to be taken as a wave of two components, like light, not of one like sound. The theory and its mathematical development were only outlined in ‘Nature,’ and the object of the present work is to give them in fuller detail. Recently Pauli has published a paper on the same subject, and arrived at the same mathematical results, but owing to the fact that he is more disposed to regard the wave theory as a mathematical convenience and less as a physical reality, he stops short of the point which was the guiding principle to me, and refuses to interpret the two functions that we both obtain as formed from a vector. I shall therefore here develop somewhat fully the arguments and analogies which seem to me to show that the vector is the right form in which to regard it. The chief part of the paper is concerned with developing the results given in ‘Nature’; owing to other work I have not carried the matter much farther yet. The main new points are general formulæ for the intensities of spectral lines, and for the magnetic moment, and the form the theory must take for several electrons—in which my first suggestion was wrong, and which Pauli has developed from his point of view. In a future paper I hope to discuss the motion of a free electron in a magnetic field, together with other problems. Since writing the account of the theory in ‘Nature’ I have had the immense benefit of a visit to Prof. Bohr’s Institute in Copenhagen, and have thus enjoyed the advantage of discussing the subject with him, Dr. Klein and the other members in detail. I may take the opportunity here to express my thanks to them for their interest in the matter and for many helpful criticisms.
Theological engagement with quantum physics has, to this day, been dominated by the Copenhagen interpretation. However, philosophers and physicists working in the “quantum foundations” field have largely abandoned the Copenhagen view on account of what is widely seen as its troublesome antirealism. Other metaphysical approaches have come to the fore instead, which often take a strongly realist flavor, such as de Broglie‐Bohm, or Everett's “Many‐Worlds” interpretation. In the spirit of recent quantum foundations work, this article introduces a collection of studies aimed at taking quantum theology “beyond Copenhagen.” The present article advocates a commitment to “quantum fundamentalism,” which could resolve some of the enduring ontological problems faced by existing theological work with quantum mechanics, especially in discussions of quantum special divine action. Taking quantum fundamentalism literally would mean a departure from the Copenhagen interpretation, and the article suggests the need for a new research program to lay the groundwork in the natural theology of quantum foundations.