This survey analyzes hybrid cryptographic frameworks that combine classical public-key cryptography with post-quantum cryptographic techniques. The paper reviews recent research on hybrid implementations across secure communication systems, blockchain platforms, and protocol-level integrations. The study evaluates security properties, performance overhead, and deployment feasibility, and proposes a structured evaluation framework for hybrid post-quantum migration strategies.
This survey analyzes hybrid cryptographic frameworks that combine classical public-key cryptography with post-quantum cryptographic techniques. The paper reviews recent research on hybrid implementations across secure communication systems, blockchain platforms, and protocol-level integrations. The study evaluates security properties, performance overhead, and deployment feasibility, and proposes a structured evaluation framework for hybrid post-quantum migration strategies.
This record contains the full-text survey paper titled “A Survey on Hybrid Cryptographic Frameworks Combining Post-Quantum and Classical Techniques.” The paper systematically reviews hybrid cryptographic frameworks that combine classical public-key techniques with NIST-standardized post-quantum cryptographic primitives such as CRYSTALS-Kyber and Dilithium. It analyzes representative studies across secure communication protocols, blockchain systems, and performance benchmarking to evaluate security, efficiency, and deployment feasibility. The survey highlights hybrid cryptography as a practical migration strategy against the “Harvest Now, Decrypt Later” threat, discusses key trade-offs, and identifies open research challenges for real-world post-quantum adoption.
The advent of quantum computing has precipitated an estimated attack resistant cryptography system necessitating quantum attacks. The classical asymmetric algorithms, i.e., RSA and ECC are susceptible to Shor algorithm and a transition should be made to Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) anymore. The novelty of this work lies in providing a unified comparative framework that analyzes PQC families through security assumptions, concrete key/ciphertext sizes, and implementation complexity an aspect not addressed collectively in prior surveys. This survey gives a general picture of the status of the design process and general evaluation of PQC accounting its application within the paradigm of the diversified networks including the IoT and 5G/6G and in the cyber-physical environment. Furthermore, this review uniquely synthesizes practical hybrid‑deployment strategies, including protocol layering, coexistence models, and backward‑compatibility mechanisms, offering actionable guidance for real‑world migration. Additionally, the manuscript contributes a prioritized list of open problems across IoT, 5G/6G, blockchain, and cyber‑physical systems, highlighting domains facing the most urgent quantum‑resilience challenges. In this paper, the authors will evaluate the most popular PQC schemes, including schemes based on lattice, code, hash, and isogeny, depending on their performance, scalability, and interoperability (with reference to the recent research). It also examines the problems of integration as implemented with respect to the computational overhead, latency and adoption of hybrid with classical cryptography. This is expounded more to the standardization of PQC by NISTs and with a focus on such algorithms as CRYSTALS-Kyber and Dilithium. The findings suggest that, hybrid PQC protocols are able to control quantum resistance and actual performance in numerous infrastructures in computing systems.
This thesis investigates the current state of Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) in the industry, with a particular focus on its practical deployment, integration challenges, and performance implications.The study combines a structured analysis of academic literature, standardization efforts, and industry guidance with an experimental evaluation of PQC integration in widely used security protocols. The analysis shows that, while significant progress has been made in the standardization of quantum-resistant algorithms such as ML-KEM, ML-DSA, and SLH-DSA, real-world adoption remains in an early and transitional phase. Organizations primarily focus on evaluation and pilot implementations, as deployment is constrained by interoperability issues, implementation maturity, and the complexity of migrating existing cryptographic infrastructures.To complement the conceptual analysis, experimental measurements were conducted for TLS, SSH, and IPsec to evaluate the performance impact of hybrid post-quantum cryptographic mechanisms. The results indicate that performance overhead is not uniform across components. In particular, post-quantum signature schemes introduce significant computational and network overhead, mainly due to increased key and certificate sizes. In contrast, hybrid key exchange mechanisms show only moderate performance impact across all evaluated protocols.The findings highlight that the primary challenge of PQC adoption lies not in algorithm design but in practical integration and large-scale migration. Hybrid cryptographic approaches emerge as the most viable strategy for enabling a gradual transition, balancing improved security against quantum threats with operational feasibility.Overall, this thesis demonstrates that PQC is transitioning from a theoretical research field to a practical engineering challenge, with significant implications for the future design of secure communication systems.
The accelerated advancements in quantum computing substantially threaten classical cryptographic systems, particularly those that rely on RSA, ECC, and other public key encryption methods. Particularly Shor's method shows how easily conventional cryptographic techniques might be broken; therefore quick development of quantum resistant substitutes is necessary. Rising as a potential answer with cryptographic algorithms meant to resist quantum attacks is post quantum cryptography (PQC). Nonetheless, performance trade-offs, compatibility problems, and the absence of standardized implementations make the shift to completely quantum-safe cryptographic systems very difficult. Hybrid PQC systems that combine conventional and quantum resistant cryptographic mechanisms have been suggested as a workable method for tackling these difficulties so guaranteeing security in the post quantum future. Emphasizing their security, performance, and practical implementations, this review article offers a thorough study of hybrid PQC methods. The resistance of many hybrid cryptographic models including lattice-based, code-based, and multivariate cryptographic techniques against quantum attacks is comprehensively investigated in this work methodologically, we review current PQC hybrid models, evaluate their computing efficiency, and examine security criteria grounded on recent research and standardizing initiatives like those under NIST. Our results show that hybrid PQC models create difficulties in terms of key management, computational overhead, and implementation complexity even if they improve security by reducing risks related with both conventional and quantum attacks. A comparative study shows among several hybrid systems the trade-offs in terms of encryption speed, key sizes, and resource use. Moreover showing the feasibility of PQC hybridizing in IoT, cloud computing, and block chain security are pragmatic uses of PQC hybridizing in which case appropriate protocols are needed for broad acceptance. At last, our work emphasizes the significant contribution hybrid PQC models provide in the transitional period producing a quantum secure environment. To enable basic integration into the present digital infrastructure, future research should focus on improving the efficiency of hybrid cryptosystems, optimizing key exchange mechanisms, and regulating standardization concerns. The findings of this study support the present discussion on post quantum security and provide data for academics and corporate leaders aiming for the next generation of cryptographic solutions. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17873992
Quantum computing threatens classical cryptography, which has prompted the creation of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and quantum key distribution (QKD). Hybrid cryptography integrates classical, post-quantum, and quantum techniques for achieving multi-layer security and smooth migration towards quantum-safe infrastructures. In this paper, practical deployment patterns, the employment of cryptographic agility, and integration of PQC with QKD are presented with emphasis on hybrid methods as a key strategy for quantum-secure communication.
As quantum computing advances, classical public-key cryptosystems face escalating risks, driving global standardization efforts by NIST, ETSI, and ISO. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in post-quantum cryptography (PQC), focusing on lattice-based, hash-based, and multivariate approaches. We examine their security foundations, implementation challenges, and applicability across domains such as finance, blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT). A core contribution is the proposed Hybrid Cryptographic Framework (HCF), which combines classical and quantum-resistant primitives to enable a secure and interoperable migration path. The framework integrates hybrid key exchange, dual-signature schemes, and PQC-compatible Merkle trees, and is supported by a discrete multi-objective optimization model for selecting algorithms under real-world constraints. The paper also discusses deployment challenges, including hardware acceleration, side-channel resistance, and legacy compatibility. Real-world case studies illustrate how leading institutions are piloting PQC integration in practice. Finally, we propose a strategic roadmap for PQC adoption, incorporating adaptive triggers based on quantum capabilities and evolving threat models. By aligning cryptographic design with international standards and practical system requirements, this work offers guidance for building resilient, quantum-safe infrastructures.