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Complex Light and Optical Forces

On-chip qudit quantum information using transverse modes

Jacquiline Romero, Daniel Peace, Tavshabad Kaur, Airin Antony, Jamika Ann Roque, Simon White, Emanuele Polino, Sayantan Das, Farzad Ghafari, Sergei Slussarenko, Nora Tischler

Published Mar 5, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this talk, I will give a brief introduction to photonic qudits, focusing on the transverse mode of photons. I will present some of our current efforts towards end-to-end qudit quantum information processing on-chip using the transverse modes, from generation of photons to their measurement. I will show some results on photon-pair generation on-chip via spontaneous four-wave mixing. I will show some of the components that we have fabricated based on photonic inverse design. We evaluate the performance of our devices via a Hong-Ou-Mandel interference on-chip, where we observed near-unity interference visibility. Our results offer some inspiration for realising photonic qudit quantum computation using transverse modes, whether on their own or for augmenting current approaches.

DOI
10.1117/12.3083575

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In this talk, I will give a brief introduction to photonic qudits, focusing on the transverse mode of photons. I will present some of our current efforts towards end-to-end qudit quantum information processing on-chip using the transverse modes, from generation of photons to their measurement. I will show some results on photon-pair generation on-chip via spontaneous four-wave mixing. I will show some of the components that we have fabricated based on photonic inverse design. We evaluate the performance of our devices via a Hong-Ou-Mandel interference on-chip, where we observed near-unity interference visibility. Our results offer some inspiration for realising photonic qudit quantum computation using transverse modes, whether on their own or for augmenting current approaches.
Silicon quantum photonics, capable to integrate large numbers of optical components with CMOS-compatible fabrication technology and reliable control of quantum states, is expected to play a critical role in future quantum communication. In this talk, we will introduce our recent results of silicon photonics for quantum communication, including high-dimensional silicon chip-to-chip quantum key distribution, chip-to-chip quantum teleportation, on-chip generation of high-dimensional quantum entanglement, and Hong-Ou-Mandel interference between two different III-V/silicon hybrid lasers towards future measurement device independent quantum communication.
Transverse spatial modes as a degree of freedom is an untapped resource for scaling up integrated photonic quantum computing. To be practically useful for improving scalability, reliable and high-visibility quantum interference between transverse spatial modes on-chip needs to be demonstrated. We show repeatable quantum interference using inverse-designed transverse mode beam splitters that have an ultra-compact footprint of 3 × 3 μm2—the smallest transverse mode beam splitters for 1550 nm photons to date. We measure a Hong–Ou–Mandel visibility of up to 99.56% ± 0.62% from a single device, with an average visibility across three identical devices of 99.38% ± 0.41%, indicating a high degree of reproducibility. Our work demonstrates that inverse-designed components are suitable for engineering quantum interference on-chip of multimode devices, paving the way for future compact integrated quantum photonic devices that exploit transverse spatial modes as a degree of freedom for high-dimensional quantum information.
Transverse spatial modes have become an increasingly popular degree-of-freedom for encoding quantum information owing to the compact implementation when compared to others such as path. Here we present the demonstration of two photon Hong-Ou-Mandel interference between the different transverse modes in a multimode silicon photonic chip using a compact inverse designed beam splitter with up to 99.56 0.64% interference visibility. We achieve high visibilities across both multiple copies of ±the same design and among different designs. This work demonstrates the potential of inverse designed devices for quantum information processing with transverse spatial modes.
Abstract Integrated entangled photon pair source is an essential resource for both fundamental investigations and practical applications of quantum information science. Currently there have been several types of entanglement, among which the transverse-mode entanglement is becoming attractive because of its unique advantages. Here, we report an on-chip transverse-mode entangled photon pair source via the spontaneous four-wave mixing processes in a multimode silicon waveguide. Transverse-mode photon pairs are verified over multiple frequency channels within a bandwidth of ~2 THz, and a maximally entangled Bell state is also produced with a net fidelity of 0.96 ± 0.01. Our entangled photon pair source is the key element for quantum photonics based on transverse-mode, and also has the possibility to extend to higher-dimensional Hilbert space. Furthermore, the transverse-mode entanglement can be converted coherently to path and polarization entanglement, which paves the way to realizing highly complex quantum photonic circuits with multiple degrees of freedom.
While integrated photonics is a robust platform for quantum information processing, architectures for photonic quantum computing place stringent demands on high quality information carriers. Sources of single photons that are highly indistinguishable and pure, that are either near-deterministic or heralded with high efficiency, and that are suitable for mass-manufacture, have been elusive. Here, we demonstrate on-chip photon sources that simultaneously meet each of these requirements. Our photon sources are fabricated in silicon using mature processes, and exploit a dual-mode pump-delayed excitation scheme to engineer the emission of spectrally pure photon pairs through inter-modal spontaneous four-wave mixing in low-loss spiralled multi-mode waveguides. We simultaneously measure a spectral purity of 0.9904 ± 0.0006, a mutual indistinguishability of 0.987 ± 0.002, and >90% intrinsic heralding efficiency. We measure on-chip quantum interference with a visibility of 0.96 ± 0.02 between heralded photons from different sources.
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