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International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks

Silicon Photonics for Quantum Communication

Yunhong Ding, Davide Bacco, D. Llewellyn, Imad I. Faruque, Stefano Paesani, Michael Galili, Anthony Laing, Karsten K. Rottwitt, Mark G. Thompson, Jianwei Wang, Leif Katsuo Oxenløwe

Published Jul 1, 2019• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Silicon quantum photonics, capable to integrate large numbers of optical components with CMOS-compatible fabrication technology and reliable control of quantum states, is expected to play a critical role in future quantum communication. In this talk, we will introduce our recent results of silicon photonics for quantum communication, including high-dimensional silicon chip-to-chip quantum key distribution, chip-to-chip quantum teleportation, on-chip generation of high-dimensional quantum entanglement, and Hong-Ou-Mandel interference between two different III-V/silicon hybrid lasers towards future measurement device independent quantum communication.

DOI
10.1109/icton.2019.8840038

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Silicon quantum photonics, capable to integrate large numbers of optical components with CMOS-compatible fabrication technology and reliable control of quantum states, is expected to play a critical role in future quantum communication. In this talk, we will introduce our recent results of silicon photonics for quantum communication, including high-dimensional silicon chip-to-chip quantum key distribution, chip-to-chip quantum teleportation, on-chip generation of high-dimensional quantum entanglement, and Hong-Ou-Mandel interference between two different III-V/silicon hybrid lasers towards future measurement device independent quantum communication.
Quantum photonics opens a new era of technology revolution deeply embedded in quantum mechanism. Silicon integrated quantum photonics is of particular interest able to integrate mass of quantum photonic components on a single silicon chip. Here we present our recent work on silicon photonics for advanced quantum applications, including high-dimensional quantum quantum key distribution, high-dimensional quantum entanglement, and Hong-Ou-Mandel interference of two independent lasers on silicon for quantum communication.
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Quantum technology is poised to enable a step change in human capability for computing, communications and sensing. Photons are indispensable as carriers of quantum information-they travel at the fastest possible speed and readily protected from decoherence. However, the system requires thousands of near-transparent components with ultra-low-latency control. To be implemented, a new paradigm photonic system is required: one with in-built coherence, stability, the ability to define arbitrary circuits, and a path to manufacturability. Silicon photonics has unparalleled density and component performance, which, with CMOS compatible fabrication, place it in a strong position for a scalable quantum photonics platform. This paper is a progress report on silicon quantum photonics, focused on developments in the past five years. We provide an introduction on silicon quantum photonic component and the challenges in the field, summarise the current state-of-the-art and identify outstanding technical challenges, as well as promising avenues of future research. We also resolve a conflict in the definition of Hong-Ou-Mandel interference visibility in integrated quantum photonic experiments, needed for fair comparison of photon quality across different platforms. Our aim is the development of scalability on the platform, to which end we point the way to ever-closer integration, toward silicon quantum photonic systems-on-a-chip.
Photon pairs and heralded single photons are a useful resource in quantum communication, computation, and measurement. Room-temperature microchip-scale integrated devices could enable scalability, robustness and low-cost deployment in practical applications. Silicon is an attractive integration platform, since pair generation by spontaneous four-wave mixing at 1.2 - 1.6 micron wavelengths requires optical power levels that can be delivered by compact electrically-driven laser diodes. However, silicon photonics lacks a native laser device, and the propagation losses are not especially low, although they are somewhat lower than III-V integrated optics, which does have an integrated laser. Nevertheless, silicon photonics can be expected to become a widely-adopted platform for photonics – both classical and quantum – because of the ability to leverage the mature fabrication processes using large-area silicon wafers inherited from the development of microelectronics. Moreover, scalable quantum optics requires electronics for control, drivers and readout circuits, which silicon microelectronic technology can supply. Our research is improving the performance of silicon photonics components for quantum optical communications, and is increasing the level of integration in the quantum silicon photonics toolkit, using microelectronic components and electrically-driven hybrid silicon lasers.
Silicon photonics is rapidly evolving as an advanced chip framework for implementing quantum technologies. With the help of silicon photonics, general-purpose programmable networks with hundreds of discrete components have been developed. These networks can compute quantum states generated on-chip as well as more extraordinary functions like quantum transmission and random number generation. In particular, the interfacing of silicon photonics with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) microelectronics enables us to build miniaturized quantum devices for next-generation sensing, communication, and generating randomness for assembling quantum computers. In this review, we assess the significance of silicon photonics and its interfacing with microelectronics for achieving the technology milestones in the next generation of quantum computers and quantum communication. To this end, especially, we have provided an overview of the mechanism of a homodyne detector and the latest state-of-the-art of measuring squeezed light along with its integration on a photonic chip. Finally, we present an outlook on future studies that are considered beneficial for the wide implementation of silicon photonics for distinct data-driven applications with maximum throughput.
Silicon photonics based on CMOS technology is a very attractive platform to build compact, low-cost and scalable quantum photonics integrated circuits addressing the requirements of quantum key distribution protocols. We show record low propagation losses below 0.5 dB/cm and below 0.05 dB/cm for silicon and silicon nitride waveguides respectively. We will present our results on integrated components such as hybrid III-V on silicon lasers for weak coherent pulse generation, high-quality microresonators for entangled photon pair generation and we will show our recent developments on high crystalline quality NbN thin films with improved critical temperature for waveguide-integrated superconducting single photon detectors.