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International Conference on Signal Processing, Computer Networks and Communications (SPCNC)

Three-Party Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Based on GHZ States

Shuquan Ma, Ru Wang, 张露鹤 Zhang Luhe, Zhe Li

Published Dec 5, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Device-independent quantum key distribution (DI-QKD) represents the strongest form of physical security in QKD, it successfully wipes out almost all underlying unsafe factors in reality. The security premise of DI-QKD protocols is based barely on general physical laws and dose not require any detailed knowledge or control of the physical devices used in the protocol. In this paper, we devise a simple three-party DI-QKD protocol using three-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states, by which three participants can negotiate a common secure key. We consider our protocol in a noisy quantum channel. Finally, we briefly analyze the security of our protocol and derive the theoretical key rate.

DOI
10.1109/spcnc68200.2025.11406642

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Device-independent quantum key distribution (DI-QKD) represents the strongest form of physical security in QKD, it successfully wipes out almost all underlying unsafe factors in reality. The security premise of DI-QKD protocols is based barely on general physical laws and dose not require any detailed knowledge or control of the physical devices used in the protocol. In this paper, we devise a simple three-party DI-QKD protocol using three-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states, by which three participants can negotiate a common secure key. We consider our protocol in a noisy quantum channel. Finally, we briefly analyze the security of our protocol and derive the theoretical key rate.
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Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state is an essential resource in quantum processing. We propose multiparty measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) protocol based on a fuzzy GHZ state analyzer, which is composed of linear optical components. Our scheme requires only N detectors and N − 1 polarizing beam splitters to realize an N-party MDI-QKD network. From numerical simulations, the security communication distance is improved to 300 km, and key rate is determined to be higher than 10 − 14. Compared with the previous work, our scheme needs less optical components and detectors, is easier to extend more users, and narrows the gap between theory and practice in multiparty MDI-QKD network.
We analyze the security and feasibility of a protocol for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), in a context where only one of the two parties trusts his measurement apparatus. This scenario lies naturally between standard QKD, where both parties trust their measurement apparatuses, and Device-Independent QKD (DI-QKD), where neither does, and can be a natural assumption in some practical situations. We show that the requirements for obtaining secure keys are much easier to meet than for DI-QKD, which opens promising experimental opportunities. We clarify the link between the security of this one-sided DI-QKD scenario and the demonstration of quantum steering, in analogy to the link between DI-QKD and the violation of Bell inequalities.
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