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Journal of the Korean Physical Society

Noise-resilient quantum metrology using entangled multi-qubit states: robustness analysis and measurement strategies

Esraa Mishref, A. S. El-Tawargy, W. A. Ramadan, Mohamed Nawareg

Published Mar 2, 2026• 1 citation
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s40042-026-01577-w

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Phase sensing with entangled multi-qubit states in the presence of noise is a central theme of modern quantum metrology. The present work investigates Dicke state superposition probes for quantum phase sensing under parameter encoding generated by one- and two-body interaction Hamiltonians. Under linear collective-spin encoding, near-optimal Dicke superposition states are shown to exhibit significantly enhanced robustness against phase damping noise compared with Greenberger--Horne--Zeilinger (GHZ), W-superposition, and balanced Dicke states, while maintaining favorable metrological performance under realistic decoherence channels. For two-body interactions, optimal probe states maximizing the quantum Fisher information are identified. Their noise resilience and metrological scaling behaviour under phase damping, amplitude damping, and global depolarizing channels are analyzed. The associated near-optimal Dicke superposition states are found to exhibit improved resilience to phase damping, for the system sizes considered. These results establish tailored near-optimal Dicke state superposition probes as versatile and noise-resilient resources for Heisenberg and super-Heisenberg quantum phase sensing governed by one- and two-body interactions.
The advent of quantum entanglement has revolutionized metrology, enabling the development of ultra-precise measurement techniques that surpass the limitations of classical systems. However, the delicate nature of entangled states makes them vulnerable to various noise sources, significantly impeding their metrological utility. To address this challenge, we delve into the intricate relationship between noise and the metrological usefulness of highly entangled multiqubit systems. By studying the impact of various factors, we aim to unravel the fundamental limits of quantum metrology and devise strategies to enhance the resilience of quantum systems against noise. Our investigation reveals that increasing the number of qubits in an entangled state can significantly enhance its noise robustness, particularly for certain entangled states. Furthermore, we uncover the surprising advantage of utilizing different local operators, surpassing the robustness offered by the conventional identical-operator approach. Additionally, by employing a technique that utilizes multiple copies of the quantum state, we identified many states with latent metrological usefulness and demonstrated their hidden noise robustness. While these strategies significantly enhance the robustness of many studied states, it is crucial to note that generalizations may not apply universally. Therefore, validating these findings for each specific state is essential before practical implementation. Our findings proved that by rigorously assessing noise susceptibility and adopting appropriate strategies, we can achieve substantial gains in precision and noise robustness. This paves the way for the development of more robust and reliable quantum metrological techniques, offering valuable insights across a wide range of applications, from fundamental physics to cutting-edge technologies like quantum computing, sensing, and communication.
Quantum metrology promises to surpass classical precision limits by leveraging quantum resources such as entanglement. Maximally entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states are theoretically optimal probes for quantum metrology. However, they are fragile to environmental noise, severely limiting their practical utility. To overcome this limitation, we propose and experimentally realize a noise-adaptive quantum metrology scheme that autonomously identifies optimal probes without any prior information of the noise. This is achieved by combining a variational quantum circuit that optimizes available resources with an efficient strategy for evaluating the sensing performance. Using a seven-qubit nuclear spin sensor, we identify optimal probe states that achieve precision improvements up to 0.698 dB over GHZ states when sensing a fixed magnetic field. Furthermore, we show that the learned probe state exhibits cross-parameter robustness, maintaining superior performance over a broad range of magnetic field frequencies. The proposed scheme is model-free, hardware-efficient, and scalable, providing a practical route to noise-resilient quantum metrology on near-term quantum devices.