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Modern Physics Letters A

Eavesdropping on the multiparty semi-quantum secret sharing protocol based on single qubit sequence and permutation

Gan Gao, Xueying Cui, Ming Fang

Published Feb 11, 2026• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The paper [Xin et al., Mod. Phys. Lett. A 39, 2450084 (2024)] proposed a multiparty semi-quantum secret sharing protocol based on the single qubit sequence and the permutations of the qubit locations. We study the security of the proposed protocol and point out that there exists a security loophole in it, that is, the first and last agents can collude to obtain Tom’s secret without the help of the other agents.

DOI
10.1142/s021773232650080x

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The paper [Xin et al., Mod. Phys. Lett. A 39, 2450084 (2024)] proposed a multiparty semi-quantum secret sharing protocol based on the single qubit sequence and the permutations of the qubit locations. We study the security of the proposed protocol and point out that there exists a security loophole in it, that is, the first and last agents can collude to obtain Tom’s secret without the help of the other agents.
Abstract In the paper (EPJ Quant. Technol. 10:29, 2023), Kuo et al. proposed a multiparty quantum secret sharing protocol based on a novel structure and single qubits. Owing to the absence of an entanglement state, the proposed protocol is more practical than other quantum secret sharing protocols which use entanglement properties. Therefore, we study the security of the proposed protocol and find there exists a security loophole in the n-party ( n≥4n\geq 4n≥4 n ≥ 4 ) secret sharing case in it, that is, two dishonest agents can collude to obtain (part of) Alice’s secret without the help of the other agents. In order to overcome the security loophole, we give an improved protocol and make a security analysis for it. By calculating, the qubit efficiency of the three-party case in it is equal to 18\frac{1}{8}81​ 1 8 , which is higher than that in Hillery et al.’s protocol (Phys. Rev. A 59:1829, 1999).
Most semi-quantum secret sharing protocols are suitable for the application with three participants. Based on the n-level states, a multiparty semi-quantum secret sharing protocol is proposed. Compared with similar protocols, it has the merits as follows. (1) The dealer only needs to prepare the single photon sequence without using any product state or entangle state. (2) To share a secret, the classical parties need not have the ability of measurement. They only need to reorder the photon sequence and send it to the receiver. (3) The dealer knows nothing about any agent’s secret shadow. Therefore, it is infeasible for the dealer to impersonate the classical participant to pool the secret shadow during the secret recovering phase. (4) Theoretically, the qubit efficiency of the proposed protocol is asymptotically 100%. The protocol is secure against famous attacks such as intercept-resend attack, measurement-resend attack and entangle-measure attack.
Quantum secret sharing is a basic quantum cryptographic primitive, which has a lot of applications in information security and privacy preservation. An efficient multiparty quantum secret sharing protocol (Kuo et al. in EPJ Quantum Technol 10(1):29, 2023) based on a novel structure and single qubits was reported recently. In this paper, we give a cryptanalysis of this protocol and show that it cannot satisfy the security requirement for secret sharing because an unauthorized set of agents can gain access to some information on the dealer's secret by a special collusion attack. Furthermore, we put forward a way to deal with the security problem.