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Advanced Quantum Technologies

Generation of Quantum Entanglement in a Multimode Cavity‐Optomechanical System via Periodic Modulation

Zhen Yang, He Cheng, X. L. Huang, Shu‐Min Wu

Published Feb 1, 2026• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

ABSTRACT Quantum entanglement is a crucial resource in quantum information science, applying to quantum key distribution, quantum sensing, and quantum teleportation. However, generating macroscopic quantum entanglement in multimode optomechanical systems, where an optical mode couples to multiple degenerate or near‐degenerate vibrational modes, is a challenging task, as the entanglement is suppressed by the dark‐mode effect. In this paper, we propose a scheme to generate both bipartite and genuine tripartite entanglement in the system via periodic modulation. First, we consider a two‐oscillator optomechanical system in which time‐varying voltages applied to the oscillators enable the engineering of coupling pathways between the bright and dark modes, thus breaking the dark‐mode effect. Thermal phonons can be extracted by the coupling channels, so that bipartite and tripartite entanglement can be achieved at a nonzero temperature. Furthermore, we extend this scheme to an optomechanical system with oscillators, where the degenerate vibrational modes can entangle with the optical mode. Notably, the macroscopic quantum entanglement we obtain exhibits greater robustness against thermal phonons.

DOI
10.1002/qute.202500918

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ABSTRACT Quantum entanglement is a crucial resource in quantum information science, applying to quantum key distribution, quantum sensing, and quantum teleportation. However, generating macroscopic quantum entanglement in multimode optomechanical systems, where an optical mode couples to multiple degenerate or near‐degenerate vibrational modes, is a challenging task, as the entanglement is suppressed by the dark‐mode effect. In this paper, we propose a scheme to generate both bipartite and genuine tripartite entanglement in the system via periodic modulation. First, we consider a two‐oscillator optomechanical system in which time‐varying voltages applied to the oscillators enable the engineering of coupling pathways between the bright and dark modes, thus breaking the dark‐mode effect. Thermal phonons can be extracted by the coupling channels, so that bipartite and tripartite entanglement can be achieved at a nonzero temperature. Furthermore, we extend this scheme to an optomechanical system with oscillators, where the degenerate vibrational modes can entangle with the optical mode. Notably, the macroscopic quantum entanglement we obtain exhibits greater robustness against thermal phonons.
We theoretically propose a scheme to generate strong genuine tripartite entanglement among three mechanical oscillators in a multimode optomechanical system. In our setup, each mechanical oscillator is independently coupled to three optical modes supported by a single optical cavity, with each optical mode driven by a six-tone driving field. By appropriately tailoring the amplitudes of the driving fields, the mechanical steady state can be engineered into a three-mode squeezed vacuum state exhibiting significant genuine tripartite entanglement. We further investigate the effects of mechanical thermal reservoirs and demonstrate that the entanglement generated by our scheme persists at a significant level even at dilution refrigerator temperatures. Our results offer a feasible route toward the generation and utilization of multipartite entanglement in quantum optomechanical platforms, with potential applications in quantum devices.
Quantum entanglement is an interesting resource for modern quantum technologies, where generating multiple quantum entanglement is highly required. However, entanglement engineering between multiple modes is strongly suppressed by dark mode effect. Here, we proposed a scheme based on molecular cavity optomechanical structure that enhances quantum bipartite and tripartite entanglement via dark mode breaking. Our proposal consists of an optical cavity that hosts two molecular ensembles which are coupled through an intermolecular coupling. A vibrational hopping rate JmJ_mJm​ captures the intermolecular coupling that is phase modulated via the synthetic gauge field method. The breaking of the dark mode is controlled by tuning both the intermolecular coupling and its modulation phase. By adjusting these parameters in our proposal, we can flexibly switch between the Dark Mode Unbroken (DMU) and the Dark Mode Broken (DMB) regimes. We find that in the dark-mode-unbroken regime, the amount of the generated bipartite and tripartite entanglement is significantly low or is suppressed. In contrast, in the dark-mode-broken regime, the entanglement is greatly enhanced,i.e., up to twofold enhancement. Moreover, the generated entanglement is more resilient against thermal noise in the dark-mode-broken regime compared to the thermal robustness in the unbroken regime. Therefore, our proposed scheme serves as a benckmark system to improve quantum correlations engineering, and to generate noise-tolerant quantum resources for applications in numerous modern quantum technologies.
Quantum entanglement not only plays an important role in the study of the fundamentals of quantum theory, but also is considered as a crucial resource in quantum information science. The generation of macroscopic entanglement involving multiple optical and mechanical modes is a desired task in cavity optomechanics. However, the dark-mode effect is a critical obstacle against the generation of quantum entanglement in multimode optomechanical systems consisting of multiple degenerate or near-degenerate mechanical modes coupled to a common cavity mode. Here we propose an auxiliary-cavity-mode method to enhance optomechanical entanglement in a multimode optomechanical system by breaking the dark-mode effect. We find that the introduction of the auxiliary cavity mode not only assists the entanglement creation between the cavity mode and the mechanical modes, but also improves the immunity of the optomechanical entanglement to the thermal excitations by about three orders of magnitude. We also study the optomechanical entanglement in the network-coupled optomechanical system consisting of two mechanical modes and two cavity modes. By analyzing the correspondence between the optomechanical entanglement and the dark-mode effect, we find that optomechanical entanglement can be largely enhanced once the dark mode is broken. In addition, we study the mechanical entanglement and find that it is negligibly small. We also present some discussions on the experimental implementation with a microwave optomechanical setup, on the relationship between the dark-mode-breaking mechanism and the center-of-mass and relative coordinates, and on the explanation of the important role of the dark-mode breaking in the enhancement of optomechanical entanglement. Our results pave the way towards the preparation of entangled optomechanical networks and noise-resistant quantum resources.
We propose how to generate a tripartite light-vibration entanglement by controlling an optical dark mode (ODM), which is induced by the coupling of two optical modes to a common vibrational mode. This ODM is decoupled from the vibration, and it can be controlled on demand by employing a synthetic gauge field, which can enable efficient switching between the ODM-unbreaking and ODM-breaking regimes. We find that the tripartite optomechanical entanglement is largely suppressed in the ODM-unbreaking regime, but it is significantly enhanced in the ODM-breaking regime. In particular, the noise robustness of quantum entanglement in the ODM-breaking regime can be more than twice than that in the ODM-unbreaking regime. This study offers a method for protecting and enhancing fragile quantum resources and for constructing noise-tolerant and dark-mode-immune quantum processors and entangled networks.
We propose a scheme to generate multi-paths entanglement in an optomechanical system by exploiting polarized electromagnetic fields and dark mode control. Our system consists of two mechanically coupled mechanical resonators, which are driven by a common electromagnetic field. An inclusion of a polarizer induces linear polarizations of the electromgnetic field corresponding to the vertical (transverse electric (TE\rm{TE}TE) and horizontal (transverse magnetic [(TM\rm{TM}TM]) modes, which drive the mechanical resonators. Without the mechanical coupling Jm=0J_m=0Jm​=0, the polarization angle (φφφ) controls dark mode in the system. The breaking of this dark mode leads to multi-paths engineering of bipartite optomechanical entanglements. By switching on the phonon hopping rate (Jm≠0J_m\neq0Jm​=0), both the polarization angle and the modulation phase of the mechanical coupling allow a further control of the dark mode. The simultaneous Dark Mode Breaking (\rm{DMB}) conditions under these two parameters leads to multi-paths bipartite and tripartite entanglements. For a fine tuning of the polarization angle (φ=π/4φ=π/4φ=π/4) this scheme enables a generation of twin entangled states, where the bipartite/tripartite generated entangled states are degenerated and might be of great interest for quantum information processing, quantum communication and diverse quantum computational tasks. The generated entanglements are more resilient against thermal fluctuations in the \rm{DMB} regime, i.e., up to two order of magnitude robust than in the Unbreaking regime. Our work sheets light on new possibilities to generate noise-tolerant quantum resources that are useful for plethora of modern quantum technologies.
ABSTRACT Quantum entanglement in molecular cavity optomechanical (COM) systems serves as a fundamental resource to explore quantum‐enhanced sensing, coherent molecular dynamics, and quantum information processing, which has been studied under Markovian approximation but not yet explored in non‐Markovian reservoirs. In this paper, we propose a scheme to manipulate quantum entanglement in molecular COM system coupled with a degenerate optical parametric amplifier (DOPA) under Markovian approximation. We reveal that both strength and phase of DOPA can be tuned to enhance optical‐vibration entanglement and suppress vibration‐vibration entanglement. The optical‐vibration entanglement can exist at room temperature, demonstrating strong robustness against thermal noise. Moreover, we extend results from Markovian to non‐Markovian regimes, which can further enhance both types of entanglement with DOPA fixed. In particular, we find that non‐Markovian effects can reverse influences of DOPA on vibration‐vibration entanglement from suppression to enhancement, leading to regeneration of entanglement. The scheme provides an effective way to control and enhance quantum entanglement in a molecular COM system through steering DOPA and non‐Markovian effects.