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Cambridge University Press eBooks

State-of-the-Art Numerical Methods

Giancarlo Calvanese Strinati

Published Feb 6, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This chapter gives a brief survey about the “time-stepping procedure” and the “predictor-corrector scheme” for solving the Kadanoff–Baym equations with two ( t and t ′) time variables. In this respect, the solutions of the Kadanoff–Baym equations for the greater and lesser Green’s functions are combined with each other in the positive quadrant of the t − t ′ plane, together with the solution of the lesser Green’s function along the time diagonal where t = t ′. The “generalized Kadanoff–Baym ansatz”, which aims at somewhat simplifying the solution of the Kadanoff–Baym equations themselves, is also introduced and derived in detail.

DOI
10.1017/9781009411509.039

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Similar to Chapter 20 of Part I, this chapter considers the treatment of a few topics, which are relevant to the general purposes of the book but whose inclusion in previous chapters would have diverted the discussion of the main topics of interest therein. Specifically, it considers the Dyson equations for the contour single-particle Green’s function in the Nambu representation, the relative strength of different frequency terms in the derivation of the time-dependent Gross–Pitaevskii equation, the detailed calculation of an integral occurring in the derivation of the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau equation, the irrelevance of the reference time t ₀ for the convolutions entering the Kadanoff–Baym equations at equilibrium, and the average energy of the system expressed in terms of the lesser Green’s function even in nonequilibrium situations.

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In Chapter 3, we introduced a simple but reasonable approximation for the nonequilibrium dynamics of a Bose-condensed gas based on a generalized GP equation coupled to a kinetic equation. In Chapters 4–7, we turn to the question of how to derive such coupled equations for the condensate and noncondensate components in a way that gives a deeper understanding of the ZNG theory. Chapters 4–7 involve an introduction to Green's functions and field theoretic techniques for nonequilibrium problems. These provide the natural language and formalism to deal with the many subtle aspects of a Bose-condensed gas at finite temperatures. These four chapters are fairly technical. This chapter is mainly based on Kadanoff and Baym (1962) and Imamović-Tomasović (2001). Readers who are not interested in these questions can go straight to Chapter 8, which begins the discussion of applications of the ZNG coupled equations given in Chapter 3. Overview of Green's function approach To derive a microscopic theory of the nonequilibrium behaviour of a dilute weakly interacting Bose-condensed gas at finite temperatures, there are several different approaches available in the literature. We will use the wellknown Kadanoff–Baym (KB) nonequilibrium Green's function method. The generalization of this formalism to a Bose-condensed system was first considered by Kane and Kadanoff (1965), whose goal was to derive the Landau two-fluid hydrodynamic equations for a system with a Bose broken symmetry. The general problem consists of how to calculate the nonequilibrium response of a system induced by an external (space- and time-dependent) perturbation. In response to such an external perturbation, many interesting physical phenomena appear, including the excitation of collective modes and various transport processes.

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In Chapter 4, we introduced the Kadanoff–Baym equations of motion for the imaginary-time nonequilibrium Green's functions for a Bose gas, as given by (4.59) and (4.60). In this chapter, we will use the generalization of these equations of motion to find the equivalent equations of motion for the real-time Green's functions. These can be written in a natural way in the form of a kinetic equation. Using a simple Hartree–Fock approximation, we show how the coupled equations for the condensate and thermal cloud given in Chapter 3 emerge naturally from the Kadanoff–Baym (KB) formalism. This chapter is based on Imamović-Tomasović and Griffin (2001) and Imamović-Tomasović (2001), building on the pioneering work of Kane and Kadanoff (1965). In this chapter and Chapter 7 we review the KB formalism. However, we also encourage the reader to read the original account given by Kadanoff and Baym (1962). The goals and accomplishments of their seminal book are beautifully captured by the following quote from p. 138: Our rather elaborate Green's function arguments provide a means of describing transport phenomena in a self-contained way, starting from a dynamical approximation, i.e. an approximation for G 2 ( U ) in terms of G 1 ( U ). These calculations require no extra assumptions. The theory provides at the same time a description of the transport processes that occur and a determination of the quantities which appear in the transport equations. A closely related way of treating the nonequilibrium dynamics of a Bose-condensed gas is based on the two-particle irreducible (2PI) effective action together with the Schwinger–Keldysh closed-time path formalism. Berges (2004) gives a detailed review of this approach, which allows one to derive the nonequilibrium action on the basis of controllable approximations.

Cambridge University Press eBooks•Feb 19, 2009•0 citations
This chapter gives a brief survey about the “time-stepping procedure” and the “predictor-corrector scheme” for solving the Kadanoff–Baym equations with two ( t and t ′) time variables. In this respect, the solutions of the Kadanoff–Baym equations for the greater and lesser Green’s functions are combined with each other in the positive quadrant of the t − t ′ plane, together with the solution of the lesser Green’s function along the time diagonal where t = t ′. The “generalized Kadanoff–Baym ansatz”, which aims at somewhat simplifying the solution of the Kadanoff–Baym equations themselves, is also introduced and derived in detail.
Similar to Chapter 20 of Part I, this chapter considers the treatment of a few topics, which are relevant to the general purposes of the book but whose inclusion in previous chapters would have diverted the discussion of the main topics of interest therein. Specifically, it considers the Dyson equations for the contour single-particle Green’s function in the Nambu representation, the relative strength of different frequency terms in the derivation of the time-dependent Gross–Pitaevskii equation, the detailed calculation of an integral occurring in the derivation of the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau equation, the irrelevance of the reference time t ₀ for the convolutions entering the Kadanoff–Baym equations at equilibrium, and the average energy of the system expressed in terms of the lesser Green’s function even in nonequilibrium situations.
Abstract An approximation of the Green function based on the Generalized Kadanoff–Baym Ansatz and its correction is tested on the electron tunneling through a single atom, incorporating the on-site second-order Born interaction. Time evolution resulting from the corresponding kinetic equation for the density matrix is compared with the direct solution of the non-equilibrium Green functions. It is demonstrated that the short-time nature of corrections beyond the Generalized Kadanoff–Baym Ansatz enables their effective numerical approximation. Graphical abstract
In Chapter 3, we introduced a simple but reasonable approximation for the nonequilibrium dynamics of a Bose-condensed gas based on a generalized GP equation coupled to a kinetic equation. In Chapters 4–7, we turn to the question of how to derive such coupled equations for the condensate and noncondensate components in a way that gives a deeper understanding of the ZNG theory. Chapters 4–7 involve an introduction to Green's functions and field theoretic techniques for nonequilibrium problems. These provide the natural language and formalism to deal with the many subtle aspects of a Bose-condensed gas at finite temperatures. These four chapters are fairly technical. This chapter is mainly based on Kadanoff and Baym (1962) and Imamović-Tomasović (2001). Readers who are not interested in these questions can go straight to Chapter 8, which begins the discussion of applications of the ZNG coupled equations given in Chapter 3. Overview of Green's function approach To derive a microscopic theory of the nonequilibrium behaviour of a dilute weakly interacting Bose-condensed gas at finite temperatures, there are several different approaches available in the literature. We will use the wellknown Kadanoff–Baym (KB) nonequilibrium Green's function method. The generalization of this formalism to a Bose-condensed system was first considered by Kane and Kadanoff (1965), whose goal was to derive the Landau two-fluid hydrodynamic equations for a system with a Bose broken symmetry. The general problem consists of how to calculate the nonequilibrium response of a system induced by an external (space- and time-dependent) perturbation. In response to such an external perturbation, many interesting physical phenomena appear, including the excitation of collective modes and various transport processes.
This chapter considers the closed-time-path Green’s functions approach when specified to equilibrium situations and shows that it offers an alternative to the more standard Matsubara plus analytic continuation procedure for obtaining physical quantities directly in real frequency. In this case, the number of independent components of the single-particle Green’s function (as well as of the related self-energy) reduces considerably, thereby making it easier to solve the Kadanoff–Baym equations. The fluctuation–dissipation theorem and the single-particle spectral function (with its related sum rule) are also considered.
In Chapter 4, we introduced the Kadanoff–Baym equations of motion for the imaginary-time nonequilibrium Green's functions for a Bose gas, as given by (4.59) and (4.60). In this chapter, we will use the generalization of these equations of motion to find the equivalent equations of motion for the real-time Green's functions. These can be written in a natural way in the form of a kinetic equation. Using a simple Hartree–Fock approximation, we show how the coupled equations for the condensate and thermal cloud given in Chapter 3 emerge naturally from the Kadanoff–Baym (KB) formalism. This chapter is based on Imamović-Tomasović and Griffin (2001) and Imamović-Tomasović (2001), building on the pioneering work of Kane and Kadanoff (1965). In this chapter and Chapter 7 we review the KB formalism. However, we also encourage the reader to read the original account given by Kadanoff and Baym (1962). The goals and accomplishments of their seminal book are beautifully captured by the following quote from p. 138: Our rather elaborate Green's function arguments provide a means of describing transport phenomena in a self-contained way, starting from a dynamical approximation, i.e. an approximation for G 2 ( U ) in terms of G 1 ( U ). These calculations require no extra assumptions. The theory provides at the same time a description of the transport processes that occur and a determination of the quantities which appear in the transport equations. A closely related way of treating the nonequilibrium dynamics of a Bose-condensed gas is based on the two-particle irreducible (2PI) effective action together with the Schwinger–Keldysh closed-time path formalism. Berges (2004) gives a detailed review of this approach, which allows one to derive the nonequilibrium action on the basis of controllable approximations.