Since their introduction, numerous quantum image encryption methods have been developed. As we shall demonstrate, protecting visual information against classical and quantum threats depends on representations. In this paper, we identify the essential components of quantum encryption algorithms and explain a variety of quantum image representations with different levels of qubit efficiency, computational complexity, and security. The paper also explores the favourable and unfavourable aspects of hybrid, chaos-based, quantum transform-based, and DNA-based quantum image encryption schemes. The security analysis focuses on noise tolerance and scalability. This involves aspects such as key space size, resistance to various attacks, and calculation efficiency. Meanwhile, potential areas for investigation include robust algorithms, hybrid systems and reducing decoding errors. We also address the implementation difficulties involved, including the necessary hardware and decoding error reduction. Classical and quantum techniques, as well as more advanced quantum equipment, are considered too. The evaluation calls for uniform policies and realistic responses and emphasises how quantum image encryption could transform information security in the quantum era. and realistic answers and highlights how quantum image encryption may change information safety within the quantum generation.
Since their introduction, numerous quantum image encryption methods have been developed. As we shall demonstrate, protecting visual information against classical and quantum threats depends on representations. In this paper, we identify the essential components of quantum encryption algorithms and explain a variety of quantum image representations with different levels of qubit efficiency, computational complexity, and security. The paper also explores the favourable and unfavourable aspects of hybrid, chaos-based, quantum transform-based, and DNA-based quantum image encryption schemes. The security analysis focuses on noise tolerance and scalability. This involves aspects such as key space size, resistance to various attacks, and calculation efficiency. Meanwhile, potential areas for investigation include robust algorithms, hybrid systems and reducing decoding errors. We also address the implementation difficulties involved, including the necessary hardware and decoding error reduction. Classical and quantum techniques, as well as more advanced quantum equipment, are considered too. The evaluation calls for uniform policies and realistic responses and emphasises how quantum image encryption could transform information security in the quantum era. and realistic answers and highlights how quantum image encryption may change information safety within the quantum generation.
Since their introduction, numerous quantum image encryption methods have been developed. As we shall demonstrate, protecting visual information against classical and quantum threats depends on representations. In this paper, we identify the essential components of quantum encryption algorithms and explain a variety of quantum image representations with different levels of qubit efficiency, computational complexity, and security. The paper also explores the favourable and unfavourable aspects of hybrid, chaos-based, quantum transform-based, and DNA-based quantum image encryption schemes. The security analysis focuses on noise tolerance and scalability. This involves aspects such as key space size, resistance to various attacks, and calculation efficiency. Meanwhile, potential areas for investigation include robust algorithms, hybrid systems and reducing decoding errors. We also address the implementation difficulties involved, including the necessary hardware and decoding error reduction. Classical and quantum techniques, as well as more advanced quantum equipment, are considered too. The evaluation calls for uniform policies and realistic responses and emphasises how quantum image encryption could transform information security in the quantum era. and realistic answers and highlights how quantum image encryption may change information safety within the quantum generation.
Quantum image encryption has become a promising direction to protect visual information stored or transmitted through cyberspace due to its cryptographic power and resilience that are under-researched. This survey makes a systematic study of the current advancement in the field of quan-tum image encryption concerning cryptographic security and AI-based approaches. We survey the state of quantum-based encryption, such as quantum key distribution, chaotic quantum systems, and AI methods, such as deep learning, to generate keys and detect attacks through a thorough literature review. The significant findings include that quantum encryption may provide unprecedented security levels through mechanisms such as superposition and entanglement, yet computational complexity and hardware constraints are obstacles to implementation. AI-based methods have improved efficiency and adaptability but have created adversarial attack risks. We can conclude that quantum image encryption has the potential to transform the secure transmission of data, but it is necessary to incorporate AI-powered optimizations into the proven quantum systems to ensure scalability and resistance to evolving threats. Hybrid models are the way of the future as they need to find a balance between security and realistic usage.
Quantum image encryption (QIE) has emerged as a promising solution for securing digital data in an era dominated by rapid advancements in quantum computing and increasing cyber threats. Traditional cryptographic techniques, which rely on classical encryption methods, are vulnerable to the computational power of quantum algorithms, posing significant challenges for maintaining data privacy and integrity. This survey presents a thorough review of quantum encryption techniques, highlighting both their limitations and advantages, with a particular emphasis on their ability to ensure secure visual data transmission in the post-quantum era. Additionally, it provides a comparative analysis of classical and quantum cryptographic techniques, with a primary focus on quantum encryption methods. The survey also explores potential solutions to address the challenges inherent in classical encryption schemes, highlighting how these challenges can be mitigated through quantum encryption approaches. As quantum computing continues to evolve, the need for quantum-secure encryption methods becomes more critical. This survey not only highlights the innovative techniques that show promise for future secure visual data transmission but also identifies key areas for future research and development, paving the way for robust and scalable solutions in the quantum computing era.
Quantum computing poses an unparalleled threat to the conventional methodologies of image encryption through its capability for mathematical-based security breaking. This paper discusses the integration of chaos theory with quantum mechanics in the development of robust algorithms for image encryption, considering the inherent vulnerabilities of classical approaches. We start with the basics of chaos theory and its implications in cryptography, emphasizing sensitivity regarding initial conditions and the unpredictability of chaotic systems. Then, we reviewed some of the existing quantum image encryption techniques and their limitations. Our analysis elucidates the potential of chaos-driven quantum algorithms for key generation and image scrambling to enhance security metrics such as key sensitivity, entropy, and unpredictability. We further discuss the performance of such algorithms in resistance against different attack vectors and their application domains, including healthcare, military, and digital rights management. The paper concludes by pointing out the directions of future research, hence calling for further development of sophisticated chaotic maps to integrate them into practical quantum image encryption solutions. The study points out that chaos-based quantum image encryption has strong potential to defend against evolving cyber threats.
Background: Quantum image processing is rapidly developing in the field of quantum computing, and it can be successfully implemented on the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) device. Quantum image encryption holds a pivotal position in this domain. However, the encryption process often encounters security vulnerabilities and entails complex computational complexities, thereby consuming substantial quantum resources. To address this, the present study proposes a quantum image encryption algorithm based on four-dimensional chaos. Methods: The classical image is first encoded into quantum information using the Generalized Quantum Image Representation (GQIR) method. Subsequently, the trajectory of the four-dimensional chaotic system is randomized, and multi-dimensional chaotic keys are generated to initially encrypt the pixel values of the image. Then, the Arnold transformation is applied to randomly encrypt the pixel positions, resulting in the encrypted image. During the decryption process, the inverse process of encryption is employed to restore the original image. Results: We simulated this process in the Python environment, and the information entropy analysis experiment showed that the information entropy of the three encrypted images reached above 7.999, so the system has good encryption. At the same time, the correlation of the pixel distribution after the encryption algorithm is weak, which proves that the control parameters of the chaotic system can effectively reduce the correlation between pixels in the image. In the final key space analysis, the key space issued by our encryption can reach $10 140 \gg 2 128 $. Conclusion: Our method is resistant to destructive attacks and can produce scrambled images with higher encryption and usability. This algorithm solves the problems of general encryption algorithms such as periodicity, small key space, and vulnerability to statistical analysis, and proposes a reliable and effective encryption scheme. By making full use of the characteristics of Arnold transformation permutation, ergodicity and the randomness of the four-dimensional chaotic system, the encryption algorithm uses the larger key space provided by the four-dimensional Lorenz system.
The rapid growth in the storage and transmission of visual data across communication, sensing, and decision-making systems requires image encryption methods that are both computationally efficient and resilient against quantum-enabled adversaries. Classical chaotic encryption offers desirable properties such as sensitivity, unpredictability, and large key spaces, but its practical use is limited by restricted chaotic ranges, and conventional confusion–diffusion mechanisms often fail to eliminate structural redundancies in images. This thesis furthers the field by developing novel chaotic and gate-efficient quantum image encryption architectures. First, it introduces a new cosine-modulated polynomial chaotic map and validates its dynamical and statistical suitability for cryptographic key generation. Second, it designs lightweight yet effective chaotic primitives, including the Single-Round Single S-Box (SRSS) confusion mechanism and the featureaware diffusion scheme (PermutEx) that address the limitations in breaking correlation and maintaining efficiency. Third, these components are integrated into a complete endto- end chaos-based encryption framework that combines feature-driven segmentation, adaptive permutation, and dynamic confusion, demonstrating strong security across entropy, correlation, and differential metrics. Finally, the thesis advances two quantum image encryption architectures, i.e., a chaos-enhanced quantum image encryption framework that strengthens quantum confusion and diffusion mechanisms, and a gate-efficient architecture that reduces circuit depth and multi-qubit operations while retaining robust security. The proposed architectures achieve improved computational efficiency compared to existing chaos-based and quantum image encryption techniques, by reducing redundant operations, minimising circuit depth, and enabling lightweight yet effective confusion-diffusion processes. Consequently, this thesis provides a way forward for advancing image encryption by integrating chaotic and quantum approaches, offering practical steps for protecting visual data in the post-quantum era.