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IEEE International Conference on Public Key Infrastructure and its Applications (PKIA)

Post-Quantum Hybrid Digital Signatures: Bridging Classical and Quantum-Resistant Cryptography

Jitendra Kumar, Balaji Rajendran, Aashish Banati, K. K. Soundra Pandian, S D Sudarsan

Published Sep 3, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/pkia67529.2025.11347443

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Digital signature schemes play an important role in the security of communication systems, ensuring authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation of messages. Classical digital signature schemes are widely used in communication systems but are not secure against quantum attacks, thereby necessitating the use of post-quantum cryptographic techniques. Recently, lattice-based digital signatures were proposed as efficient and quantum-resistant digital signatures. However, the lattice-based digital signatures are not effective in detecting eavesdropping or interception of messages during transmission. Quantum authentication techniques, on the other hand, are effective in detecting eavesdropping or interception of messages during transmission by utilizing the measurement disturbance principle of quantum mechanics. In this paper, we propose a hybrid quantum-classical digital signature scheme that combines the post-quantum security of lattice-based digital signatures with the capability of detecting eavesdropping or interception of messages during transmission by utilizing the quantum authentication techniques based on the entanglement principle of quantum mechanics. We discuss the system model, protocol, security, and performance evaluation of the proposed scheme in terms of computational and communication complexities. The proposed scheme is effective in the context of future communication systems that require security guarantees, such as quantum communication networks, critical infrastructures, and blockchain-based authentication systems.
In order to meet the challenges brought by quantum computing, research on post-quantum cryptography has been carried out comprehensively. Among them, the most influential one is the post-quantum cryptography algorithm standardization project initiated by NIST. In July 2022, NIST announced that the Dilithium, Falcon, and SPHINCS+ algorithms were selected as candidate schemes for the standardization of post-quantum cryptographic digital signatures. The OQS project team is committed to promoting the transition of existing security protocols to standardized post-quantum algorithms and is currently the mainstream open-source post-quantum project. This paper improves the post-quantum hybrid digital signature scheme used by the OQS project team. Firstly, the hybrid digital signature scheme used in this project is studied, and it is found that there are security risks. Subsequently, an enhanced scheme is constructed and implemented using the hybrid algorithm combiner proposed by Nina Bindel et al., solving the security issues. The unforgeability and 2 -non-separability of the enhanced scheme are verified through formal analysis, and forward compatibility is achieved. The enhanced scheme shows obvious advantages in key generation efficiency and signature verification efficiency. Under some algorithms, the speed of signature verification of the improved scheme is 60 % of the original scheme. Meanwhile, the enhanced scheme also demonstrates stability in terms of time and storage overhead. Finally, the TLS1.3 protocol PSK mechanism is implemented using the enhanced scheme. This is the first implementation of post-quantum algorithm security protection in the PSK mechanism of the TLS protocol. This scheme can resist man-in-the-middle attacks while meeting the requirements of forward compatibility.
The advent of quantum computing poses a significant threat to classical cryptographic systems, necessitating the development of quantum-resistant alternatives. This thesis explores a hybrid key exchange framework combining Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) with Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) to secure classical post-processing steps such as information reconciliation and privacy amplification. Specifically, CRYSTALS-Kyber is used for key encapsulation, while CRYSTALS-Dilithium and SPHINCS+ provide digital signatures for authentication. While the mathematical security foundations of these algorithms are assumed, their integration is evaluated through performance benchmarking and system-level analysis. The results show that incorporating PQC-based authentication into QKD post-processing significantly improves resilience against quantum adversaries, while introducing only a reasonable computational and bandwidth overhead. This work contributes to the development of robust hybrid cryptographic systems capable of with standing both classical and quantum-era threats.