Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

IEEE Access

A Systematic Literature Review of Lattice-Based Key Encapsulation Mechanisms and Digital Signatures: Current Status, Research Gaps, and Future Directions

Dereje Wasihun Mellese, Zebene Girma Tefera, Melaku Berhe Belay, Gizachew Haile Seffa, Adem Guluma Negewo, Zelalem Gizachew, Mekonnen Andualem Atinaf, Daniel Merkebu Adamu

Published Jan 1, 2026• 4 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/access.2026.3655100

Related papers

Research on Lattice-Based Cryptographic Algorithms

WU Kun, TANG Jinyi, LI Peiqi, WANG Xiaorui, WANG Xiaoyu

The security of classical public-key cryptosystems, which operate based on the computational intractability of integer factorization and discrete logarithm problems, is profoundly threatened by the rapid development of quantum computing. Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) has been proposed to improve security against quantum attacks. Lattice-based cryptography is widely regarded as one of the most promising PQC method because of its proven security, efficient implementation, and functional versatility, and it has achieved significant progress in both algorithmic design and engineering implementation in recent years. This paper presents a systematic survey of the status of research on lattice-based cryptographic algorithms. First, the fundamental theory of lattices and their core hard problems are discussed. Next, the technical characteristics and performance of encryption and key encapsulation mechanisms, digital signature schemes, and key exchange protocols constructed based on lattice hard problems are reviewed and compared. Subsequently, the principles and optimization paths of two key technologies for lattice cryptography implementation, namely polynomial multiplication using the fast Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) and pre-image sampling algorithms, are discussed. Finally, considering the PQC standardization process of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), an outlook on future research directions for lattice-based cryptography is presented. The research directions include the development of more "succinct" fundamental hard problems, strengthening security proofs, improving algorithm efficiency, and countering novel attacks. This review serves as a reference for promoting the practical deployment and further research of lattice-based cryptography.

•Sep 1, 2026•0 citations

An Analysis of Lattice-Based Key Exchange Protocols

Susanne Rieß

•Feb 1, 2016•0 citations

A Novel Key Generation Algorithm Utilizing Lattice-Based Cryptography Principles

Rajakumar Arul, B. Sivaselvam, Ankush Choudhary

Lecture notes in networks and systems•Oct 21, 2024•0 citations

A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography: Start of a New Race

Duc-Thuan Dam, Thai-Ha Tran, Van‐Phuc Hoang +2 more

Information security is a fundamental and urgent issue in the digital transformation era. Cryptographic techniques and digital signatures have been applied to protect and authenticate relevant information. However, with the advent of quantum computers and quantum algorithms, classical cryptographic techniques have been in danger of collapsing because quantum computers can solve complex problems in polynomial time. Stemming from that risk, researchers worldwide have stepped up research on post-quantum algorithms to resist attack by quantum computers. In this review paper, we survey studies in recent years on post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and provide statistics on the number and content of publications, including a literature overview, detailed explanations of the most common methods so far, current implementation status, implementation comparisons, and discussion on future work. These studies focused on essential public cryptography techniques and digital signature schemes, and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) launched a competition to select the best candidate for the expected standard. Recent studies have practically implemented the public key encryption/key encapsulation mechanism (PKE/KEM) and digital signature schemes on different hardware platforms and applied various optimization measures based on other criteria. Along with the increasing number of scientific publications, the recent trend of PQC research is increasingly evident and is the general trend in the cryptography industry. The movement opens up a promising avenue for researchers in public key cryptography and digital signatures, especially on algorithms selected by NIST.

Cryptography•Aug 14, 2023•188 citations

A Study on Lattice-Based Public-Key Cryptosystems

Keita Xagawa

•Jan 1, 2007•0 citations

A Survey on Digital Signature Schemes in Lattice Based Cryptography

Chetan Joshi, Nirdesh Pal

Quantum computers are moving closer to reality, and with that comes a serious concern for today’s public-key cryptography. Many of the encryption and digital signature systems we rely on now, such as RSA and ECC, may no longer be secure in the future. Because of this, researchers are actively looking for new methods that can protect digital communication in the post-quantum era. One of the most promising directions is lattice-based cryptography. This paper gives a simple and focused review of lattice-based signature schemes. It brings together the main ideas from the existing literature and explains how these schemes are built, why they are considered secure, and what makes them practical. The review mainly discusses schemes based on hard lattice problems such as SIS and LWE. To make the comparison clearer, a table is also included that compares different signature schemes in terms of key size, signature size, security level, and computational efficiency. Overall, this study shows why lattice-based signature schemes are becoming an important part of modern cryptographic research and why they may play a major role in securing digital systems against future quantum threats.

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science Engineering and Technology•May 18, 2026•0 citations
The security of classical public-key cryptosystems, which operate based on the computational intractability of integer factorization and discrete logarithm problems, is profoundly threatened by the rapid development of quantum computing. Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) has been proposed to improve security against quantum attacks. Lattice-based cryptography is widely regarded as one of the most promising PQC method because of its proven security, efficient implementation, and functional versatility, and it has achieved significant progress in both algorithmic design and engineering implementation in recent years. This paper presents a systematic survey of the status of research on lattice-based cryptographic algorithms. First, the fundamental theory of lattices and their core hard problems are discussed. Next, the technical characteristics and performance of encryption and key encapsulation mechanisms, digital signature schemes, and key exchange protocols constructed based on lattice hard problems are reviewed and compared. Subsequently, the principles and optimization paths of two key technologies for lattice cryptography implementation, namely polynomial multiplication using the fast Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) and pre-image sampling algorithms, are discussed. Finally, considering the PQC standardization process of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), an outlook on future research directions for lattice-based cryptography is presented. The research directions include the development of more "succinct" fundamental hard problems, strengthening security proofs, improving algorithm efficiency, and countering novel attacks. This review serves as a reference for promoting the practical deployment and further research of lattice-based cryptography.
Information security is a fundamental and urgent issue in the digital transformation era. Cryptographic techniques and digital signatures have been applied to protect and authenticate relevant information. However, with the advent of quantum computers and quantum algorithms, classical cryptographic techniques have been in danger of collapsing because quantum computers can solve complex problems in polynomial time. Stemming from that risk, researchers worldwide have stepped up research on post-quantum algorithms to resist attack by quantum computers. In this review paper, we survey studies in recent years on post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and provide statistics on the number and content of publications, including a literature overview, detailed explanations of the most common methods so far, current implementation status, implementation comparisons, and discussion on future work. These studies focused on essential public cryptography techniques and digital signature schemes, and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) launched a competition to select the best candidate for the expected standard. Recent studies have practically implemented the public key encryption/key encapsulation mechanism (PKE/KEM) and digital signature schemes on different hardware platforms and applied various optimization measures based on other criteria. Along with the increasing number of scientific publications, the recent trend of PQC research is increasingly evident and is the general trend in the cryptography industry. The movement opens up a promising avenue for researchers in public key cryptography and digital signatures, especially on algorithms selected by NIST.
Quantum computers are moving closer to reality, and with that comes a serious concern for today’s public-key cryptography. Many of the encryption and digital signature systems we rely on now, such as RSA and ECC, may no longer be secure in the future. Because of this, researchers are actively looking for new methods that can protect digital communication in the post-quantum era. One of the most promising directions is lattice-based cryptography. This paper gives a simple and focused review of lattice-based signature schemes. It brings together the main ideas from the existing literature and explains how these schemes are built, why they are considered secure, and what makes them practical. The review mainly discusses schemes based on hard lattice problems such as SIS and LWE. To make the comparison clearer, a table is also included that compares different signature schemes in terms of key size, signature size, security level, and computational efficiency. Overall, this study shows why lattice-based signature schemes are becoming an important part of modern cryptographic research and why they may play a major role in securing digital systems against future quantum threats.