针对随机衰落大气光信道密钥分发中密钥生成不一致率和随机性问题提出融合梯度特征的容错带映射量化(Fault-Tolerant Zone Mapping Quantization，FTZMQ)方法和容错带映射区间交替量化(Alternating Quantization with Fault-Tolerant Interval Mapping，AQ-FTIM)方法。首先利用信道测量序列与对应的梯度信息构建量化边界，并在中间边界设置左右容错带。FTZMQ方法对落入容错带且处于相反区域的合法端序列剔除。AQ-FTIM方法根据容错带映射动态调整量化区间索引减少比特跳变。结果表明：合法双方采用上述方法生成的密钥具有较高一致性。FTZMQ方法在信噪比为15 dB情况下，合法双方生成了完全一致的密钥。AQ-FTIM方法在无损条件下可将密钥不一致率降至1.2×10−3，相比在不进行区间交替的情况下降低了80%。最终，合法双方生成的密钥能够通过NIST(National Institute of Standards and Technology)测试，验证了生成密钥的有效性和安全性。
针对随机衰落大气光信道密钥分发中密钥生成不一致率和随机性问题提出融合梯度特征的容错带映射量化(Fault-Tolerant Zone Mapping Quantization，FTZMQ)方法和容错带映射区间交替量化(Alternating Quantization with Fault-Tolerant Interval Mapping，AQ-FTIM)方法。首先利用信道测量序列与对应的梯度信息构建量化边界，并在中间边界设置左右容错带。FTZMQ方法对落入容错带且处于相反区域的合法端序列剔除。AQ-FTIM方法根据容错带映射动态调整量化区间索引减少比特跳变。结果表明：合法双方采用上述方法生成的密钥具有较高一致性。FTZMQ方法在信噪比为15 dB情况下，合法双方生成了完全一致的密钥。AQ-FTIM方法在无损条件下可将密钥不一致率降至1.2×10−3，相比在不进行区间交替的情况下降低了80%。最终，合法双方生成的密钥能够通过NIST(National Institute of Standards and Technology)测试，验证了生成密钥的有效性和安全性。
The security of widely used public-key cryptographic algorithms (e.g., RSA, elliptic-curve cryptography) is expected to deteriorate once large-scale and fault-tolerant quantum computers are developed. The potential threat is severe because such algorithms underlie the IT infrastructure in modern society, such as in the financial industry. Although the threat is unlikely to materialize in the foreseeable future, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been in the process of standardizing post-quantum cryptography (PQC), which is designed to be secure against quantum computers. NIST has been scrutinizing the security and performance of 15 candidate algorithms (seven finalists and eight alternates). Standardization should accelerate the migration to PQC around the world, not only within the U.S. government. In this paper, we discuss recent trends in the R&D of quantum computers and the security risks of public-key cryptographic algorithms. Then we review NIST's ongoing progress in standardizing PQC and the responses of other organizations in support of the migration. Finally, we discuss future challenges for the real-world implementation of PQC.
摘要 室温富勒烯拓扑量子计算的光子互联稳定性、低退相干、低串扰是 FTQC 体系产业化的核心瓶颈,传统光子传输方案无法适配量子比特高精度、高稳定的传输需求。本文严格依托 FTQC 富勒烯拓扑量子计算体系已公开的量化参数与物理约束,基于 TOE 拓扑守恒与 K 场梯度理论,开展定制化拓扑光学器件纯理论设计。系统梳理 FTQC 量子比特工作波段、耦合强度、退相干时间、集成瓶颈等核心参数,阐明拓扑通道抗干扰、量子态稳定传输、串扰隔离的底层物理机理。设计专属拓扑手性光路、抗退相干单向传输通道与量子信号谐振读取结构,理论推演器件核心性能,验证其在量子态保真度、串扰抑制、室温集成适配性上的显著优势,为 FTQC 拓扑量子计算提供专属、可落地的光子互联理论解决方案。 关键词 FTQC;富勒烯量子计算;光学拓扑器件;量子互联;TOE 理论;退相干抑制
Providing strong security margins against cryptanalytic attackers equipped with quantum computers is a major research direction fostered by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Post-quantum Cryptography Standardization process. Among the viable candidates, code-based asymmetric cryptosystems are one of the prominent approaches. In this work, we propose the first fully detailed quantum circuit to compute the solution to the Information Set Decoding problem, the main cryptanalytic tool against such cryptosystems. We evaluate the cryptanalytic effort with our circuit design on actual parameters from cryptosystems admitted to the final stage of the NIST standardization process and compare it with the previous conservative asymptotic estimates. We show that the actual computational effort of our solution is smaller than the one estimated via asymptotics by a factor of 24. We also perform a comparison of our results with the quantum-computational effort of breaking the AES cipher, following the guidelines of the US NIST in evaluating the security of the ciphers. To do this, we translate our design on gates of the Clifford+T gate set only, one of the most promising candidate for fault-tolerant quantum computation, and report that the parameter choices for Classic McEliece and BIKE, two candidates admitted to the final round of the NIST standardization process provide an adequate security margin with respect to our ISD solution technique.
A key establishment (KE) scheme enables the secure sharing of secret keys or keying material among parties. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) chose CRYSTALS-KYBER, further developed as the Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism (ML-KEM), now an approved standard for KE, considered secure even against adversaries with large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computers. This paper reviews, categorizes, and examines the development of public-key encryption (PKE) and KE algorithms based on lattice among the candidates in NIST’s Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) standardization process, with emphasis on schemes relying on lattice hardness assumptions. By covering the theoretical background, classification, evolution, and a simplified summary of the ML-KEM, along with known attacks, countermeasures, and property analysis of good schemes, this paper aims to simplify the complexity, assisting students, researchers, academicians, and industry professionals in advancing further.