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International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz)

Observations of Autler-Townes splitting of Zeeman-resolved electromagnetically induced transparency signal in Cs Rydberg atoms

Motohiro Kumagai, S. Nagano, Shin’ichiro Hayashi, Norihiko Sekine

Published Aug 17, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

To isolate the Autler-Townes splitting induced by a single selected THz transition in a Cs Rydberg atom, a Zeeman-resolved EIT (electromagnetically induced transparency) signal was obtained in a high magnetic field. The electronic state was controlled by the polarizations of two lasers exciting the Cs atoms and the chosen magnetic quantization axis. Applying a THz wave with controlled polarization then enabled an observation of the Autler-Townes splitting induced by its coupling to a single dipole transition.

DOI
10.1109/irmmw-thz61557.2025.11319826

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To isolate the Autler-Townes splitting induced by a single selected THz transition in a Cs Rydberg atom, a Zeeman-resolved EIT (electromagnetically induced transparency) signal was obtained in a high magnetic field. The electronic state was controlled by the polarizations of two lasers exciting the Cs atoms and the chosen magnetic quantization axis. Applying a THz wave with controlled polarization then enabled an observation of the Autler-Townes splitting induced by its coupling to a single dipole transition.
Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler-Townes (AT) splitting in an atomic vapor cell can be used as novel methods for electric-magnetic field detection. Here we make use of 3 infrared lasers to realize a Rydberg EIT system in a thermal rubidium vapor cell. With the AT splitting induced by the THz radiation, we observe a linear trend between THz field amplitude and the frequency splitting of the absorption dips and EIT transmission peaks. Due to the well-known atomic transition dipole moment of the Rydberg state, the THz electric field can be calibrated from the frequency splitting, making this Rydberg atomic measurement system a practical tool for THz field detection.
A comprehensive study of three-photon electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) on the cesium (133Cs) cascade is performed. When a THz electric field is applied on the133CS atoms, the EIT peak splits into a doublet, known as Autler-Townes (AT) splitting, and the AT splitting interval is proportional to the strength of the applied THz field. At the same time, we explored the impact of Rabi frequencies of various light fields on EIT-AT signal by numerically solving the Lindblad master equation. Due to the relative simplicity and cryogen-free nature of this system, it has the potential to provide a route to the high-sensitivity detection across the THz frequency range, and provide an alternative to calorimetric methods.
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler–Townes splitting (ATS) are two similar yet distinct phenomena that modify the transmission of a weak probe field through an absorption medium in the presence of a coupling field, featured in a variety of three-level atomic systems. In many applications it is important to distinguish EIT from ATS splitting. We present EIT and ATS spectra in a three-level cascade system, involving cold cesium atoms in the Rydberg state. The EIT linewidth, γ EIT , defined as the full width at half maximum of the transparency window, and the ATS splitting, γ ATS , defined as the peak-to-peak distance between AT absorption peaks, are used to delineate the EIT and ATS regimes and to characterize the transition between the regimes. In the cold-atom medium, in the weak-coupler (EIT) regime γ EIT ≈ A + B ( + , where Ω c and Ω p are the coupler and probe Rabi frequencies, Γ eg is the spontaneous decay rate of the intermediate 6P 3/2 level, and parameters A and B that depend on the laser linewidth. We explore the transition into the strong-coupler (ATS) regime, which is characterized by the relation γ ATS ≈ Ω c . The experiments are in agreement with numerical solutions of the Master equation. Our analysis accounts for non-ideal conditions that exist in typical realizations of Rydberg-EIT, including laser-frequency jitter, Doppler mismatch of the utilized two-color Rydberg EIT system, and strong probe fields. The obtained criteria to distinguish cold-atom EIT from ATS are readily accessible and applicable in practical implementations.
An electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of a cascade-three-level atom involving Rydberg level in a room-temperature cell, formed with a cesium 6S 1 / 2-6P 3 / 2-66 S 1 / 2 scheme, is employed to detect the Autler-Townes (AT) splitting resulted with a 15.21-GHz microwave field coupling the 66 S 1 / 2 → 65 P 1 / 2 transition. Microwave field induced AT splitting, f A T, is characterized by the distance of peak-to-peak of an EIT-AT spectrum. The f A T dependence on the microwave Rabi frequency, Ω M W , demonstrates two regions, the strong-coupling linear region, f A T ≈ Ω M W and the weak-coupling nonlinear region, f A T ≲ Ω M W. The f A T dependencies on the probe and coupling Rabi frequency are also investigated. Using small probe- and coupling-laser, the Rabi frequency is found to enlarge the linear regime and decrease the uncertainty of the microwave field measurements. The measurements agree with the calculations based on a four-level atomic model.
We investigate electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler-Townes splitting in Rydberg rubidium atoms for a six-level excitation scheme. In this six-level system, one radio-frequency field simultaneously couples to two high-laying Rydberg states and results in interesting atomic spectra observed in the EIT lines. We present experimental results for several excitation parameters. We also present two theoretical models for this atomic system, where these two models capture different aspects of the observed spectra. One is a six-level model used to predict dominant spectral features and the other a more complex eight-level model used to predict the full characteristics of this system. Both models shows very good agreement with the experimental data.