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arXiv:2311.07665 · Physical Review A

Zeeman-resolved Autler-Townes splitting in Rydberg atoms with tunable resonances and a single transition dipole moment

Noah Schlossberger, Andrew P. Rotunno, Alexandra B. Artusio‐Glimpse, Nikunjkumar Prajapati, Samuel Berweger, Dangka Shylla, Matthew T. Simons, Christopher L. Holloway

Published Feb 21, 2024• 32 citations
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Abstract

The authors explain the spectral shape of electromagnetically induced transparency via Rydberg states in the presence of a strong magnetic field. They also demonstrate experimentally that Autler-Townes splitting in a strong magnetic field can be performed with a single participating transition dipole moment, providing a method for electrometry with robust calibration.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.109.l021702

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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics•Feb 2, 2026•0 citations
The authors explain the spectral shape of electromagnetically induced transparency via Rydberg states in the presence of a strong magnetic field. They also demonstrate experimentally that Autler-Townes splitting in a strong magnetic field can be performed with a single participating transition dipole moment, providing a method for electrometry with robust calibration.
To isolate the Autler-Townes splitting induced by a single selected THz transition in a Cs Rydberg atom, a Zeeman-resolved EIT (electromagnetically induced transparency) signal was obtained in a high magnetic field. The electronic state was controlled by the polarizations of two lasers exciting the Cs atoms and the chosen magnetic quantization axis. Applying a THz wave with controlled polarization then enabled an observation of the Autler-Townes splitting induced by its coupling to a single dipole transition.
Magnetic-field-induced splitting of Rydberg Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) and Autler-Townes (AT) spectra in 87^{87}87Rb vapor cell
We theoretically and experimentally investigate the Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler-Townes (AT) splitting of 87^{87}87Rb vapor under the combined influence of a magnetic field and a microwave field. In the presence of static magnetic field, the effect of the microwave field leads to the dressing and splitting of each mFm_FmF​ state, resulting in multiple spectral peaks in the EIT-AT spectrum. A simplified analytical formula was developed to explain the EIT-AT spectrum in a static magnetic field, and the calculations are in excellent agreement with experimental results.We further studied the enhancement of the Rydberg atom microwave electric field sensor performance by making use of the splitting interval between the two maximum absolute mFm_FmF​ states under static magnetic field. The traceable measurement limit of weak electric field by EIT-AT splitting method was extended by an order of magnitude, which is promising for precise microwave electric field measurement.
Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler-Townes (AT) splitting in an atomic vapor cell can be used as novel methods for electric-magnetic field detection. Here we make use of 3 infrared lasers to realize a Rydberg EIT system in a thermal rubidium vapor cell. With the AT splitting induced by the THz radiation, we observe a linear trend between THz field amplitude and the frequency splitting of the absorption dips and EIT transmission peaks. Due to the well-known atomic transition dipole moment of the Rydberg state, the THz electric field can be calibrated from the frequency splitting, making this Rydberg atomic measurement system a practical tool for THz field detection.
We provide the simultaneous traceable measurements of microwave electric fields at two different frequencies by the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler–Townes (AT) splitting. A static magnetic field working together with a linearly polarized probe and coupling light prepares Rydberg atoms in Zeeman sublevels with maximal |mJ| in an atomic vapor cell. Using the EIT-AT splitting of these two maximal |mJ| states, the microwave electric fields at two different frequencies are simultaneously measured, in which their frequency difference can be adjustable within the linear range of magnetic field-induced level shifts. The proposed method provides a promising prospect for calibrating multiple microwave frequencies simultaneously in the future.
We theoretically and experimentally investigate the Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler-Townes (AT) splitting of 87 Rb vapor under the combined influence of a magnetic field and a microwave field. In the presence of static magnetic field, the effect of the microwave field leads to the dressing and splitting of each m F state, resulting in multiple spectral peaks in the EIT-AT spectrum. A simplified analytical formula was developed to explain the EIT-AT spectrum in a static magnetic field, and the theoretical calculations agree qualitatively with experimental results. The Rydberg atom microwave electric field sensor performance was enhanced by making use of the splitting interval between the two maximum absolute m F states separated by the static magnetic field, which was attributed to the stronger Clebsch-Gordon coefficients between the extreme m F states and the frequency detuning of the microwave electric field under the static magnetic field. The traceable measurement limit of weak electric field by EIT-AT splitting method was extended by an order of magnitude, which is promising for precise microwave electric field measurement.
Abstract We report the observation and quantitative analysis of Autler–Townes splitting in rubidium atoms excited to Rydberg states using a four-level ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) scheme and resonant radio-frequency (RF) fields. By fitting the EIT spectra to Voigt profiles and calibrating the frequency axis with a semi-empirical Rydberg–Ritz model, we extracted transition dipole matrix elements (TDMEs) for the n D 5 / 2 → ( n + 1 ) P 3 / 2 transitions across five principal quantum numbers: n = 53, 55, 68, 75, and 85. Comparison with theoretical predictions revealed systematic deviations in the Rabi frequencies, attributed to RF delivery inefficiencies and standing-wave enhancement within the vapor cell. To address these effects, we developed two complementary approaches: an empirical quartic fit to measured efficiencies and a physics-based model, capturing both transverse radial variation and dominant longitudinal interference along the cell axis. These models explain the observed scaling behavior, predict an efficiency peak near n ≈ 60, and reduce TDME discrepancies to less than 5% at the validation point. Our analysis highlights the influence of spatial field distribution and cell geometry on precision atom–field interaction measurements and establishes a robust experimental framework for TDME extraction in ladder-type EIT systems.