Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications (IDAACS)

Eavesdropping Attack of Two Eavesdroppers on the Ping-Pong Protocol with GHZ triplets

Сергій ГАВЕЛЬ, Yevhen Vasiliu, Nikolaos G. Bardis, Sergii Staikutsa

Published Sep 4, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This work presents an analysis of a sequential passive eavesdropping attack by two eavesdroppers on the ping-pong protocol employing three-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) entangled states. An analytical expression is derived for the probability of attack detection by legitimate users. It is shown that increasing the number of eavesdroppers in the quantum channel leads to a higher probability of attack detection. Expressions are also obtained for the maximum amount of information that two eavesdroppers can gain during their sequential passive attack. The analysis demonstrates that the ping-pong protocol with GHZ triplets is no more vulnerable to passive eavesdropping by two adversaries than it is to an attack by a single one. The results can be generalized to ping-pong protocols based on n-qubit GHZ states for arbitrary values of $\boldsymbol{n}$.

DOI
10.1109/idaacs68557.2025.11322111

Related papers

Consistent eavesdropping attack of two eavesdroppers on the ping-pong protocol with GHZ-triplets of qubits

Євген Вікторович Васіліу

In this paper has been analyzed the eavesdropping attackof two eavesdroppers on the ping-pong protocol withthree-qubit entangled Greenberger – Horne – Zeilingerstates. The expression for probability of attack detectionby legitimate users at attack of two eavesdroppers dependingon probabilities of detection them attacks separatelyare obtained. It is shown that an increase in thenumber of attackers in the quantum channel leads to anincrease in the probability of detecting these attacks bylegitimate users. The expressions for the maximum eavesdroppers'amount of information during a consistentattack of two eavesdroppers on the ping-pong protocolwith GHZ-triplets are obtained. It is indicated that themaximum eavesdroppers' amount of information determinedby the same expression as in the case of oneeavesdropper's attack, only the expression for the probabilityof attack detection is changed. It is shown that theping-pong protocol with GHZ-triplets is vulnerable toeavesdropping attack of two eavesdroppers not morethan to one eavesdropper's attack. It is shown that resultsof paper could be extend to the ping-pong protocols withn-qubit GHZ-states at any n.

Ukrainian Information Security Research Journal•Jul 25, 2014•0 citations

Analyses of the consistent eavesdropping attack of several eavesdroppers on the ping-pong protocol with entangled pairs of qubits

Євген Вікторович Васіліу, Сергій Ніколаєнко

In this paper the analyses of the eavesdropping attack of two or more eavesdroppers on the original ping-pong protocol with entangled pairs of qubits is carried out. General recursive expression for probability d of attack detection for any number n of eavesdroppers that allows to calculate this probability through the corresponding probability when n – 1 eavesdroppers attack is obtained. It is shown that an increase in the number of attackers in the quantum channel leads to an increase in the probability of detecting these attacks by legitimate users. The expressions for the maximum eavesdroppers' amount of information during a consistent attack of two and three eavesdroppers are obtained. It is indicated that the maximum eavesdroppers' amount of information determined by the same expression as in the case of one eavesdropper's attack, only the value of d is varying. It is shown that the ping-pong protocol with pairs of entangled qubits is vulnerable to eavesdropping attack of several eavesdroppers not more than to one eavesdropper's attack.

Ukrainian Information Security Research Journal•Mar 15, 2013•1 citation

Passive Eavesdropping Attack of Several Intruders on Deterministic Protocol with Pairs of Entangled Qubits

Yevhen Vasiliu, Тетяна Охріменко, Andriy Fesenko +1 more

This work presented an analysis of the passive eavesdropping attack of two intruders on the original pingpong protocol with pairs of entangled qubits. A general recursive expression is obtained for the probability of detecting an attack made by random intruders number. It is shown that an increase in the number of intruders in a quantum channel leads to an increase in the probability of their attack detection by legitimate users.

IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications (IDAACS)•Sep 22, 2021•6 citations

An Improved Ping-Pong Protocol Using Three-Qubit Nonmaximally Nonorthogonal Entangled States

Hargeet Kaur, Atul Kumar

Abstract We analyse the ping-pong (PP) protocol [K. Bostrom and T. Felbinger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 187902 (2002)] using different sets of partially entangled three-qubit states. Interestingly, our results show that the partially entangled nonorthogonal three-qubit states are more useful as resources in comparison to three-qubit maximally entangled Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states. The properties of orthogonal set of partially entangled states as resources for PP protocol, however, are similar to that of maximally entangled GHZ states – both the states are not preferable due to the vulnerability towards eavesdropping. On the other hand, partially entangled nonorthogonal basis set holds importance for transferring two-bit information, one each from a sender, to a single receiver. The protocol is further analysed for various eavesdropping attacks, and the results are compared with the use of two shared Bell pairs for two-bit information transfer. Surprisingly, the use of partially entangled nonorthogonal set of states is found to offer better qubit efficiency and increased security, as against the use of two separate maximally entangled Bell states with orthogonal basis. In addition, we also propose a mixed-state sharing protocol to further enhance the security of the PP protocol.

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A•May 29, 2019•2 citations

Security of ping-pong protocol based on pairs of completely entangled qudits

P. Zawadzki

Quantum secure direct communication protocols offer confidential transmission of classic information over quantum channel without prior key agreement. The ping-pong based protocols provide asymptotic security and detailed analysis of security level provided by each variant of the protocol is required. The paper presents a general method of calculation of the eavesdropped information as a function of the attack detection probability. The method is applied to the ping-pong protocol based on completely entangled pairs of qudits. The upper and lower bounds on the amount of the leaked information and eavesdropping detection probability are provided.

Quantum Information Processing•Sep 21, 2011•30 citations

Security amplification of the ping-pong protocol with many-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states

Yevhen Vasiliu, Sergiy O. Gnatyuk, Сергій Ніколаєнко +1 more

In this paper the non-quantum method of security amplification for the ping-pong protocol with many-qubit entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states (GHZ-states) is proposed. This method can be used in quantum cryptography and consists in invertible hashing of classical message blocks. The necessary sizes of matrices for hashing of message blocks are calculated at some values of the protocol parameters. The proposed method does not require the presence from legitimate users of any pre-established keys. Thus, the main advantage of the quantum secure direct communication protocols, namely the lack of necessity to distribute of secret key remains valid at usage of the proposed method.

Ukrainian Scientific Journal of Information Security•Dec 18, 2012•2 citations
This work presents an analysis of a sequential passive eavesdropping attack by two eavesdroppers on the ping-pong protocol employing three-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) entangled states. An analytical expression is derived for the probability of attack detection by legitimate users. It is shown that increasing the number of eavesdroppers in the quantum channel leads to a higher probability of attack detection. Expressions are also obtained for the maximum amount of information that two eavesdroppers can gain during their sequential passive attack. The analysis demonstrates that the ping-pong protocol with GHZ triplets is no more vulnerable to passive eavesdropping by two adversaries than it is to an attack by a single one. The results can be generalized to ping-pong protocols based on n-qubit GHZ states for arbitrary values of n\boldsymbol{n}n.
In this paper has been analyzed the eavesdropping attackof two eavesdroppers on the ping-pong protocol withthree-qubit entangled Greenberger – Horne – Zeilingerstates. The expression for probability of attack detectionby legitimate users at attack of two eavesdroppers dependingon probabilities of detection them attacks separatelyare obtained. It is shown that an increase in thenumber of attackers in the quantum channel leads to anincrease in the probability of detecting these attacks bylegitimate users. The expressions for the maximum eavesdroppers'amount of information during a consistentattack of two eavesdroppers on the ping-pong protocolwith GHZ-triplets are obtained. It is indicated that themaximum eavesdroppers' amount of information determinedby the same expression as in the case of oneeavesdropper's attack, only the expression for the probabilityof attack detection is changed. It is shown that theping-pong protocol with GHZ-triplets is vulnerable toeavesdropping attack of two eavesdroppers not morethan to one eavesdropper's attack. It is shown that resultsof paper could be extend to the ping-pong protocols withn-qubit GHZ-states at any n.
In this paper the analyses of the eavesdropping attack of two or more eavesdroppers on the original ping-pong protocol with entangled pairs of qubits is carried out. General recursive expression for probability d of attack detection for any number n of eavesdroppers that allows to calculate this probability through the corresponding probability when n – 1 eavesdroppers attack is obtained. It is shown that an increase in the number of attackers in the quantum channel leads to an increase in the probability of detecting these attacks by legitimate users. The expressions for the maximum eavesdroppers' amount of information during a consistent attack of two and three eavesdroppers are obtained. It is indicated that the maximum eavesdroppers' amount of information determined by the same expression as in the case of one eavesdropper's attack, only the value of d is varying. It is shown that the ping-pong protocol with pairs of entangled qubits is vulnerable to eavesdropping attack of several eavesdroppers not more than to one eavesdropper's attack.
Abstract We analyse the ping-pong (PP) protocol [K. Bostrom and T. Felbinger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 187902 (2002)] using different sets of partially entangled three-qubit states. Interestingly, our results show that the partially entangled nonorthogonal three-qubit states are more useful as resources in comparison to three-qubit maximally entangled Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states. The properties of orthogonal set of partially entangled states as resources for PP protocol, however, are similar to that of maximally entangled GHZ states – both the states are not preferable due to the vulnerability towards eavesdropping. On the other hand, partially entangled nonorthogonal basis set holds importance for transferring two-bit information, one each from a sender, to a single receiver. The protocol is further analysed for various eavesdropping attacks, and the results are compared with the use of two shared Bell pairs for two-bit information transfer. Surprisingly, the use of partially entangled nonorthogonal set of states is found to offer better qubit efficiency and increased security, as against the use of two separate maximally entangled Bell states with orthogonal basis. In addition, we also propose a mixed-state sharing protocol to further enhance the security of the PP protocol.
Quantum secure direct communication protocols offer confidential transmission of classic information over quantum channel without prior key agreement. The ping-pong based protocols provide asymptotic security and detailed analysis of security level provided by each variant of the protocol is required. The paper presents a general method of calculation of the eavesdropped information as a function of the attack detection probability. The method is applied to the ping-pong protocol based on completely entangled pairs of qudits. The upper and lower bounds on the amount of the leaked information and eavesdropping detection probability are provided.
In this paper the non-quantum method of security amplification for the ping-pong protocol with many-qubit entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states (GHZ-states) is proposed. This method can be used in quantum cryptography and consists in invertible hashing of classical message blocks. The necessary sizes of matrices for hashing of message blocks are calculated at some values of the protocol parameters. The proposed method does not require the presence from legitimate users of any pre-established keys. Thus, the main advantage of the quantum secure direct communication protocols, namely the lack of necessity to distribute of secret key remains valid at usage of the proposed method.