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Attosecond real-time observation of electron tunnelling and multi-electron dynamics in atoms

M. Schuttze, Matthias Uiberacker, Thorsten Uphues, A. J. Verhoef, V.S. Yakovlev, Matthias F. Kling, J. Rauschenberger, N M Kabachnik, H. Schroder, M. Lezius, Karl Ludwig Kompa, Harm Geert Muller, Marc J. J. Vrakking, S. Hendet, U. Kleineberg, U Heinzmann, Drescher, M., F. Krausz

Published Jan 1, 2007• 0 citations
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Nature Photonics•Jul 3, 2026•1 citation
This report presents the first real-time observation of electron tunnelling and multi-electron dynamics in atoms exposed to intense light. The observed sub-femtosecond ionization steps provide a powerful means of probing the transient population of short-lived valence electronic states in excited atoms offering direct, time-domain access to a wide range of multi-electron dynamics unfolding on an attosecond to femtosecond time scale. The results of pump-probe measurements are in good agreement with the predictions of the theory Keldysh put forward four decades ago.
The dynamics of an electronic wavefunction often have non-trivial consequences on its spatial distribution, for example, during tunnelling or chemical bond formation. Yet, revealing spatio-temporal coupling requires ultrafast videography at the intrinsic size of electronic wavefunctions, at the so-called space-time limit. Here we experimentally access the intrinsic quantum motion of individual electrons at the space-time limit while they are tunnelling through an energy barrier, using atomic-scale lightwave-driven scanning tunnelling microscopy with attosecond time resolution. While modulating the tunnelling barrier with two time-delayed near-infrared pulses forming phase-controlled single-cycle waveforms, isolated electron tunnelling transients shorter than 1 fs are identified. The measured spatial extension depends on the interplay of multi-photon and field-driven dynamics, as confirmed by full quantum simulations. We experimentally localize the attosecond-confined tunnelling wave packet on the angstrom scale and use it to map a single copper adatom on a silver surface. This fusion of attosecond science with atomic-scale scanning tunnelling microscopy makes it possible to study wavefunction dynamics inside atoms, molecules and solids.