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Nature

Attosecond real-time observation of electron tunnelling in atoms

Matthias Uiberacker, Thorsten Uphues, Martin Schultze, Aart J. Verhoef, Vladislav S. Yakovlev, Matthias F. Kling, J. Rauschenberger, N M Kabachnik, H. Schröder, M. Lezius, K. L. Kompa, Harm Geert Muller, Marc J. J. Vrakking, Stefan Hendel, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, Markus Drescher, Ferenc Krausz

Published Apr 1, 2007• 925 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1038/nature05648

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This report presents the first real-time observation of electron tunnelling and multi-electron dynamics in atoms exposed to intense light. The observed sub-femtosecond ionization steps provide a powerful means of probing the transient population of short-lived valence electronic states in excited atoms offering direct, time-domain access to a wide range of multi-electron dynamics unfolding on an attosecond to femtosecond time scale. The results of pump-probe measurements are in good agreement with the predictions of the theory Keldysh put forward four decades ago.