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Codifying two images in the wavefunction of a photon

André Guilherme Moreira

Published Oct 22, 2019• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In this work we propose a quantum optics experiment to encode the information about two two-dimensional objects into the wavefunction of a photon. The method we propose uses parametric downconversion of laser light in order to generate pairs of entangled photons. One of the objects is to be placed along the pump beam, its angular spectrum being transferred to the down-converted photons. The second object is placed along the path taken by one of the photons. Upon detection of that photon, and depending on the experimentalist’s choice of lens, the intensity profile on the detection plane of the other photon will match that of one object or the other.

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In this work we propose a quantum optics experiment to encode the information about two two-dimensional objects into the wavefunction of a photon. The method we propose uses parametric downconversion of laser light in order to generate pairs of entangled photons. One of the objects is to be placed along the pump beam, its angular spectrum being transferred to the down-converted photons. The second object is placed along the path taken by one of the photons. Upon detection of that photon, and depending on the experimentalist’s choice of lens, the intensity profile on the detection plane of the other photon will match that of one object or the other.
The reported experiment is a two-photon optical imaging experiment1 in which a spontaneous-parametric-downconversion light beam, which consists of pairs of orthogonally polarized signal and idler photons, is split into two diverging beams by a polarization beam splitter, so that co- incidence detections may be performed between two distant photon-counting detectors. An aperture (mask) placed in front of one of the detectors is illuminated by the signal beam through a convex lens. Surprisingly, an image of this aperture is observed in the coincidence counting rate when the other detector is scanned in the transverse plane of the idler beam, even though both detectors’ single counting rates remain constant.
Entangled photons, generated by spontaneous parametric downconversion from a second-order nonlinear crystal, present a rich potential for imaging and image-processing applications. Since this source is an example of a three-wave mixing process, there is more flexibility in the choices of illumination and detection wavelengths and in the placement of object(s) to be imaged. Moreover, this source is entangled, a fact that allows for imaging configurations and capabilities that cannot be achieved by use of classical sources of light. We examine a number of imaging and image-processing configurations that can be realized with this source. The formalism that we utilize facilitates the determination of the dependence of imaging resolution on the physical parameters of the optical arrangement.
We report the experimental observation of quantum holographic imaging of one-dimensional object with entangled photon pairs, generated in a spontaneous parametric down-conversion process. The signal photons play both roles of “object wave” and “reference wave” in holography but are recorded by a point detector providing only encoding information, while the idler photons travel freely and are locally manipulated with spatial resolution. The holographic image is formed by the two-photon correlation measurement, although both the signal and idler beams are incoherent. Three types of quantum holography schemes are analyzed according to the detection regime of the signal photons.
We discuss how it is possible to manipulate quantum spatial properties of light beams by using the transfer of the angular spectrum. Twin beams from the parametric down-conversion can be prepared in a state that carries two different quantum images. At the same time, the twin photons can be entangled in polarization. This preparation allows the selection between the detection of each one of the images at a time or a mixture by performing proper projections onto polarization sub-spaces. As another example, we show how to produce a light beam presenting spatial anti-bunching through the control of the entangled angular spectrum and reflections.
The purpose of this project is to set up a system for creating entangled photon pairs for use in various quantum mechanical experiments, including the testing of Bell’s inequalities which demonstrates the fundamentally indeterministic nature of quantum mechanics. The photons are created by pumping a beta barium borate crystal with 405 nm laser light then, due to a process called type 1 spontaneous parametric down conversion, a single pump photon can be converted into two 810 nm photons in an entangled state. In the same lab, a similar set up has already been achieved using a 474 nm pump laser, but by using a shorter wave length, a higher detection rate can be achieved. Two collimators are set up to collect the down converted photons and send them to two photon counting modules. The collimators need to be positioned precisely to detect any down converted photons because they emerge from the crystal in a narrow beam that is at an angle with respect to the pump beam and only a miniscule fraction of pump photons are down converted. The angle at which the down converted photons emerge is a function of how the crystal is prepared and the polarization orientation of the pump beam. It was calculated using a program by National Institute of Standards and Technology.