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arXiv:1301.6577 · Applied Physics Letters

Experimental observation of one-dimensional quantum holographic imaging

Xin-Bing Song, De-Qin Xu, Hai-Bo Wang, Jun Xiong, Xiangdong Zhang, De-Zhong Cao, Kaige Wang

Published Sep 23, 2013• 28 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We report the experimental observation of quantum holographic imaging of one-dimensional object with entangled photon pairs, generated in a spontaneous parametric down-conversion process. The signal photons play both roles of “object wave” and “reference wave” in holography but are recorded by a point detector providing only encoding information, while the idler photons travel freely and are locally manipulated with spatial resolution. The holographic image is formed by the two-photon correlation measurement, although both the signal and idler beams are incoherent. Three types of quantum holography schemes are analyzed according to the detection regime of the signal photons.

DOI
10.1063/1.4822423

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We report the experimental observation of quantum holographic imaging of one-dimensional object with entangled photon pairs, generated in a spontaneous parametric down-conversion process. The signal photons play both roles of “object wave” and “reference wave” in holography but are recorded by a point detector providing only encoding information, while the idler photons travel freely and are locally manipulated with spatial resolution. The holographic image is formed by the two-photon correlation measurement, although both the signal and idler beams are incoherent. Three types of quantum holography schemes are analyzed according to the detection regime of the signal photons.
Entangled-photon beams, generated for example by spontaneous parametric down-conversion from a nonlinear crystal, may be used to implement holography based on quantum interferometry. One beam is split into a probe component that illuminates the object and another serving as a reference, and is detected with no spatial resolution. The other beam is measured with full spatial resolution. The rate of two-photon coincidence contains full holographic information on the object. Since the beams are not monochromatic, this is a form of higher-order white light holography.
Quantum imaging usually refers to imaging that takes advantage of quantum entanglement to obtain results beyond the classically achievable limits [1]. Various complex experimental setups are used to obtain quantum images, and even more complex experimental setups are used when the goal is to record and retrieve the phase information of the object. Classical holography offers the possibility to record and retrieve phase information from a hologram [2]. However, in low-light conditions, a major challenge is to record images with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Classical schemes [3]–[5], of course, do not aim to demonstrate the quantum properties of the experiments, and quantum schemes [6]–[8] rely on complex preparation of the light beam and do not necessarily provide an advantage for holographic imaging. To date, no simple quantum scheme with quantum advantage has been developed for low-light holographic imaging.
Spiral holographic imaging in the Hong-Ou–Mandel interference scheme is introduced. Using spontaneous parametric down-conversion as a source of photon pairs, we analyze the joint orbital angular momentum spectrum of a reference photon and the photon encoding information of the object. The first-order interference of light beams in standard holographic imaging is replaced by the quantum interference of two-photon probability amplitudes. The difficulty in retrieving the amplitude and phase structure of an unknown photon is thereby avoided as classical interferometric techniques such as optical holography do not apply. Our results show that the full information of the object's transmission function can be recorded in the spiral hologram, which originates directly from the joint orbital angular momentum spectrum. This presents a lateral demonstration of compressive imaging and can potentially be used for remote sensing.
We report the results of two-photon quantum holography where spatial information stored in phase holograms is retrieved by measuring quantum spatial correlations between two images formed by spatially entangled twin photons with a Schmidt number of 450 in the two-dimensional transverse space. In our experiments, the entire flux of spontaneous down-converted photons illuminates the phase holograms and the photons of signal-idler pairs transmitted by the holograms are detected separately in the far field on two electron-multiplying charge coupled device cameras.
Ghost imaging can be performed using either quantum or classical states of light that possess strong spatial correlations. In both cases, the image is formed by averaging over many optical events. Here we show that it is possible to distinguish an object from a preestablished basis set of objects by using a small number of position-correlated photon pairs produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion. The signal photon is incident on one member of a set of spatially nonoverlapping objects. The "ghost" image information is impressed upon the spatially separated idler photon and is extracted by means of holographic filtering and coincidence detection. We were able to distinguish among sets of two and four spatially nonoverlapping objects with confidence levels higher than 87% and 81%, respectively. This method of ghost imaging can be performed in situations requiring extremely low light levels.
Quantum holography exploits quantum correlation in entangled photon pairs to enhance holography. An inherent principle of holography is that each partial hologram can enhance the reconstruction of the entire object, a property that has not yet been explored in the quantum realm. The current fabrication technology for single-photon detectors is limited, making it extremely challenging to manufacture large-area detectors. Since resolution is directly related to the system aperture, achieving a resolution equivalent to that of a large-area detector under the constraint of a limited detection area is a key challenge for realizing high-resolution quantum holography. Here we demonstrate that the spatial correlations of entangled photons can extract crucial additional information from photon wave packets beyond the boundaries of the experimentally recorded region, where the photons have no direct interaction with the object. We validate the approach experimentally and benchmark it against the approach using only the detection area, achieving the advancements with an increase of up to 15 dB in signal-to-noise ratio and up to approximately tenfold improvement in structural similarity. We show the versatility of the approach by demonstrating significantly improved performance across various objects, including quantum holography of complex biological specimens. This work can advance the nascent field of quantum holography and accelerate its application in life sciences and biological systems.