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CRC Press eBooks

Quantum version of Hamilton-Jacobi theory for Time-dependent Systems

Seiji Sakocia, Minoru Omote, S. Kamefuchi

Published Nov 30, 2003• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

By constructing a quantum conserved quantity even for a system with timedependent Hamiltonian, we develop the quantum version of Hamilton-Jacobi theory, that is applicable for non-conserved systems as well as conserved ones. A novel viewpoint, Hamilton-Jacobi picture, of the quantum mechanics will be introduced.
DOI
10.1201/9781482269079-118

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Beginning with the principle that a closed mechanical composite system is timeless, time can be defined by the regular changes in a suitable position coordinate (clock) in the observing part, when one part of the closed composite observes another part. Translating this scenario into both classical and quantum mechanics allows a transition to be made from a time-independent mechanics for the closed composite to a time-dependent description of the observed part alone. The use of Hamilton-Jacobi theory yields a very close parallel between the derivations in classical and quantum mechanics. The time-dependent equations, Hamilton-Jacobi or Schr\"odinger, appear as approximations since no observed system is truly closed. The quantum case has an additional feature in the condition that the observing environment must become classical in order to define a real classical time variable. This condition leads to a removal of entanglement engendered by the interaction between the observed system and the observing environment. Comparison is made to the similar emergence of time in quantum gravity theory.
In this article, we develop quantum mechanics upon the framework of the quantum mechanical Hamilton-Jacobi theory. We will show, that the Schroedinger point of view and the Hamilton-Jacobi point of view are fully equivalent in their description of physical systems, but differ in their descriptive manner. As a main result, a wave function in Hamilton-Jacobi theory can be decomposed into travelling waves in any point in space, not only asymptotically. The well known WKB-theory will be a special result of the more general theory, we will develop below. By the example of the linear potential and the harmonic oscillator, we will discuss quantum mechanics from the Hamilton-Jacobi point of view. Soft boundary value problems as the connection problem can be solved exactely. Quantizised energies and Maslov-indices can be calculated directely without orthonormalizing wave-functions. Also, we will focus on trajectory themes, which, in contrast to the Schroedinger point of view, follow naturally from the quantum mechanical action function.
A quantum mechanics is constructed which is patterned on classical Hamilton-Jacobi theory. The dynamical basis of the theory is a quantum Hamilton-Jacobi equation with accompanying physical boundary conditions. Basic objects of the formulation are quantum Hamilton's principal and characteristic functions. As an application of the formalism a theory of quantum action-angle variables is set up. The central feature of this theory is the definition of the quantum action variable which permits the determination of the bound-state energy levels without solving the dynamical equation.