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Quantum Mechanics as Projection: Paradox Without Paradox

Yulia Avetisova

Published Jan 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The Schrödinger’s cat paradox points not to the nature of the cat, but to the nature of our description. This work shows that superposition arises from a mismatch in reaction density (p_R) between quantum process and observer, deriving the Schrödinger equation as a projection limit. This bilingual publication (English/Russian) is presented as a single integrated document, containing the complete text in both languages.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.18115855

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arXiv:quant-ph/0103064•Mar 12, 2001•2 citations
The Schrödinger’s cat paradox points not to the nature of the cat, but to the nature of our description. This work shows that superposition arises from a mismatch in reaction density (p_R) between quantum process and observer, deriving the Schrödinger equation as a projection limit. This bilingual publication (English/Russian) is presented as a single integrated document, containing the complete text in both languages.
In his famous thought experiment, Schrodinger(1935) imagined a cat that measures the value of a quantum mechanical observable with its life. Since Schrodinger’s time,no any interpretations or modifications of quantum mechanics have been proposed which gives clear unambiguous answers to the questions posed by Schrodinger’s cat of how long superpositions last and when (or whether) they collapse?In this book appropriate modification of quantum mechanics is proposed.We claim that canonical interpretation of the wave function ψ=с1ψ1+с2ψ2 is correct only when the wave function supports ψ1 and ψ2 essentially overlap. When these ones have separated supports we claim that canonical interpretation of the wave function ψ is no longer valid for a such cat state.Possible solution of the Schrodinger’s cat paradox is considered. We pointed out that the collapsed state of the cat always shows definite and predictable outcomes even if the cat also consists of a superposition:|cat>=с1|alive cat>+с2|death cat>.Using new quantum mechanical formalism the EPRB-paradox is considered.We find that the EPRB-paradox can be resolved by nonprincipal and convenient relaxing of the Einstein’s locality principle.
Schrödinger's cat paradox has persisted for nearly a century as a demonstration of the apparent absurdity of quantum superposition when extended to macroscopic scales. This technical note demonstrates that the paradox dissolves entirely within the CAT'S Theory framework through the triadic invariant Reality = Pattern × Intent × Presence (P × I × Pr). We argue that the cat is neither "both alive and dead" nor the victim of mysterious collapse. Instead, superposition represents a state where Presence (Pr) has not yet instantiated, yielding P × I × 0 = 0 (potential but not actual). Measurement does not "cause" collapse through mysterious observer effects; it provides the Presence component required for actualization. This resolution eliminates the need for Multiple Worlds or hidden variables while maintaining consistency with quantum mechanical predictions.
The Schrödinger cat paradox is often presented as evidence that quantum mechanics fundamentally conflicts with macroscopic reality. This short conceptual paper proposes a resolution based on the TUO–NS (Theory of the Universe as an Operator – Navier–Stokes–like) framework. In this approach, physical states are interpreted as elastic deformations of a coercive vacuum field. The linear superposition principle is shown to be an effective property, valid only in the regime of small, linearized perturbations around a stable background configuration: L[δψ1+δψ2]≈L[δψ1]+L[δψ2]\mathcal{L}[\delta\psi_1 + \delta\psi_2] \approx \mathcal{L}[\delta\psi_1] + \mathcal{L}[\delta\psi_2]L[δψ1​+δψ2​]≈L[δψ1​]+L[δψ2​] At macroscopic scales, the vacuum energy functional E[Ψ]\mathcal{E}[\Psi]E[Ψ] is coercive and admits only isolated local minima. Superpositions of distinct macroscopic configurations correspond to energetically unstable states: E[Ψdead+Ψalive]≫E[Ψdead]+E[Ψalive]\mathcal{E}[\Psi_{dead} + \Psi_{alive}] \gg \mathcal{E}[\Psi_{dead}] + \mathcal{E}[\Psi_{alive}]E[Ψdead​+Ψalive​]≫E[Ψdead​]+E[Ψalive​] These states relax dynamically toward one of the admissible minima. The apparent “collapse of the wave function” is thus reinterpreted as a physical relaxation process, rather than an observer-dependent or probabilistic axiom. This framework provides a physically grounded explanation for the absence of macroscopic superpositions, without invoking external observers, measurement postulates, or modifications of quantum dynamics. This document is intended as a conceptual clarification complementary to the main TUO–NS technical papers, rather than as a replacement for standard quantum mechanics.
This is a translation of Schr6dinger's three-part 1935 paper 1 in Die Naturzkissenschaften. Earlier that same year there had appeared the Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen paper 2 (also famous in paradoxology) which, Schrodinger says, in a footnote, motivated his offering. Along with this article in German, Schrodinger had two closely related English-language publications.3 But the German, aside from its oneparagraph presentation of the famous cat, covers additional territory and gives many fascinating insights into Schrodinger's thought. The translator's goal has been to adhere to the logical and physical content of the original, while at the same time trying to convey something of its semi-conversational, at times slightly sardonic flavor.
Schrödinger's cat has long been interpreted by the mainstream as intuitive proof of quantum superposition, but its original intention was Schrödinger's irony and reduction to absurdity of the Copenhagen interpretation. This paper points out that the so-called quantum superposition is not the real physical state of microscopic particles, but the uncertainty phenomenon caused by limited observation methods and inevitable measurement interference. Modern double-slit experiments have realized the emission of single electrons and single photons one by one. Even if only one particle is emitted each time, interference fringes still appear after accumulation. This fact directly proves that each particle has a unique and definite position and path at any time, rather than a superposition state passing through double slits simultaneously. The fundamental reason why a single particle can produce interference is that the particle itself vibrates continuously and has wave properties, rather than a metaphysical superposition state. From the four aspects of original intention, experimental evidence, physical nature and logical judgment, this paper thoroughly clarifies the conceptual substitution of superposition, reveals the objective laws of reality, certainty and uniqueness in the microscopic world, and calls on physics to return to rationality, logic and common sense.
The recent experiment on superconducting quantum interference device provides new opportunity to clarify the fundamental interpretation of quantum mechanics. After analyzing this and relevant experiments, we claim the point of view that the quantum state in abstract sense contains no information and the wave function is the probability amplitude of fictitious measurement corresponding to the real one which is prepared to be done by the observer. Talking about the quantum state or wave function too materialized in ordinary language would often cause misunderstanding. So basically, the Schrödinger's cat paradox is over.