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Physics and High Technology

From Macroscopic Superconductivity to Quantum Computing

Yonuk Chong

Published Dec 23, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The Nobel laureates of this year have devised an experiment to observe macroscopic quantum tunneling in an electrical circuit made of superconductors. This monumental discovery has sparked numerous innovations and ultimately earned the three pioneers the Nobel prize. Afterwards, superconducting circuits play a key role in the proliferation of quantum technology in the 21st century. Especially, in the heart of the 2nd quantum revolution, quantum information technology is based on the radical development of the quantum computers. Superconducting Josephson junction devices has been the most advanced technology that has been picked up by the global tech giants in quantum computing. I will briefly review how the superconducting quantum chips and the macroscopic quantum effect had led innovation in quantum technology afterwards.

DOI
10.3938/phit.34.036

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The Nobel laureates of this year have devised an experiment to observe macroscopic quantum tunneling in an electrical circuit made of superconductors. This monumental discovery has sparked numerous innovations and ultimately earned the three pioneers the Nobel prize. Afterwards, superconducting circuits play a key role in the proliferation of quantum technology in the 21st century. Especially, in the heart of the 2nd quantum revolution, quantum information technology is based on the radical development of the quantum computers. Superconducting Josephson junction devices has been the most advanced technology that has been picked up by the global tech giants in quantum computing. I will briefly review how the superconducting quantum chips and the macroscopic quantum effect had led innovation in quantum technology afterwards.
This year’s Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for the experimental demonstration of macroscopic quantum tunneling and energy quantization of the phase particle defined in a Josephson junction. This groundbreaking work extended quantum mechanics beyond microscopic systems into the macroscopic realm. By revealing that Josephson junctions could function as superconducting artificial atoms, the discovery enabled researchers to engineer and control quantum states with unprecedented precision, thereby providing a crucial foundation for the subsequent development of superconducting quantum computers.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2025 was awarded jointly to John Clarke，Michel H. Devoret and John M. Martinis “for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantization in an electric circuit”. Their landmark research validated the laws of quantum mechanics at the macroscopic scale，breaking the traditional notion that quantum behavior is confined to the microscopic realm. This breakthrough directly catalyzed the advent of superconducting quantum computing and has been hailed as “opening a door to quantum technologies.”
In the realm of physics, a pivotal moment occurred six decades ago when Brian Josephson made a groundbreaking prediction, setting in motion a series of events that would eventually earn him the prestigious Nobel Prize eleven years later. This prediction centered around what is now known as the Josephson effect, a phenomenon with far-reaching implications. At the heart of this effect lies the Josephson junction (JJ), a device that has become a linchpin in various scientific applications. This chapter delves into the foundational principles of the Josephson effect and the remarkable properties of JJs. From their role in metrology to their application in radiation detectors, these junctions have ushered in a new era of electronics. Exploiting the unique features of superconductive devices, such as high speed, low dissipation, and dispersion, JJs find today practical implementation in the development of superconductive qubits and nanotechnology applications.
Superconducting circuits (SCs) are the cornerstone of modern quantum technology, enabling scalable computing through coherent control of macroscopic quantum states. Through a legacy that predates modern quantum computing, SCs have emerged as high-precision instruments for discovery. In this review, we highlight the role of SCs as general-purpose quantum laboratories, outlining the emerging landscape of correlated matter-circuit science. We review and unify the capabilities of superconducting quantum hardware across condensed matter, high energy and quantum information sciences. We trace the technical evolution of these architectures, illustrating how their foundational development has culminated in a toolkit for resolving the complexities of macroscopic quantum states.
Superconducting quantum circuits have reached impressive performance, with individual qubits and operations working extremely well. This maturity was recognized by the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics, awarded for demonstrating that genuinely quantum phenomena – such as energy quantization and tunnelling – can occur in macroscopic electrical circuits. Yet building large, reliable quantum processors remains challenging. The limitation is no longer a single flaw, but the combined effect of many small imperfections spread across the hardware. Subtle losses in materials, tiny variations in components, unwanted heat, and constraints imposed by wiring, packaging, and control electronics all accumulate as systems grow in size. This article explains how such device-level effects ultimately limit the performance of entire quantum processors, and why understanding this link is essential for turning today’s high-quality quantum devices into scalable and reliable quantum technologies.