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中国科学基金

Cornerstone for Superconducting Quantum Computing--Macroscopic Quantum Effects in Circuits：Comment on 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics

Qiujiang Guo, Haohua Wang

Published Oct 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2025 was awarded jointly to John Clarke，Michel H. Devoret and John M. Martinis “for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantization in an electric circuit”. Their landmark research validated the laws of quantum mechanics at the macroscopic scale，breaking the traditional notion that quantum behavior is confined to the microscopic realm. This breakthrough directly catalyzed the advent of superconducting quantum computing and has been hailed as “opening a door to quantum technologies.”

DOI
10.3724/bnsfc-2025-0132

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 2025 was awarded jointly to John Clarke，Michel H. Devoret and John M. Martinis “for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantization in an electric circuit”. Their landmark research validated the laws of quantum mechanics at the macroscopic scale，breaking the traditional notion that quantum behavior is confined to the microscopic realm. This breakthrough directly catalyzed the advent of superconducting quantum computing and has been hailed as “opening a door to quantum technologies.”
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2025 has been awarded to John Clarke, John Martinis, and Michel Devoret for "the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit". Their achievements open up possibilities for developing the next generation of quantum technologies, including quantum cryptography, quantum computers, and quantum sensors. This article explains physical grounds of these discoveries and describes the role of earlier studies of weak superconductivity and macroscopic quantum systems by other scientists, highlighting the contribution of researchers from the B.I. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, who obtained pioneering results in this field. The paper includes short biographies of the Nobel laureates.
The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics recognizes a conceptual shift that has been more than a century in the making: the transition from observing quantum phenomena in materials to deliberately engineering quantum behaviour in macroscopic electrical circuits. Awarded to John Clarke, Michel Devoret, and John Martinis, the prize honours the experimental demonstration and control of macroscopic quantum tunnelling and energy quantization in superconducting circuits. Their work resolved a long-standing question at the heart of quantum mechanics: can an object large enough to wire, probe, and manipulate behave as a single quantum system? The answer, now unequivocally, is yes.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis for their foundational discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunneling and energy quantization in electrical circuits. The work that was honored was conducted primarily in the mid-1980s in John Clarke’s laboratory at the University of California—Berkeley, as described in two articles in Physical Review Letters [M. H. Devoret, J. M. Martinis, J. Clarke, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 , 1908–1911 (1985); J. M. Martinis, M. H. Devoret, J. Clarke, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 , 1543–1546 (1985)]. This work effectively bridged the gap between the microscopic world of atoms and the macroscopic world of human-scale engineering.
On 7 October 2025, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the NobelPrize in Physics to John Clarke , Michel H. Devoret , and John M.Martinis "for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnellingand energy quantisation in an electric circuit" (Physical Review Letters 55,1543 and 55, 1908, 1985). Their experiments demonstrated that quantumeffects — tunnelling through energy barriers and occupying discrete quantisedenergy levels — are not confined to the subatomic world but operate inmacroscopic systems large enough to be held in the hand. This paperdemonstrates that the 2025 Nobel Prize provides direct experimental supportfor seven foundational elements of the Quantum Ocean hypothesis (Parts 27–34). Specifically: (1) The discovery that quantum behaviour emerges as thedefault when decoherence is removed validates Part 27's foundational axiom(Quantum is the Default). (2) The observation of macroscopic quantumtunnelling validates the mechanism by which universes nucleate in thequantum ocean (Coleman-De Luccia vacuum decay, Part 30). (3) Themeasurement of quantised energy levels in macroscopic circuits validates theΩ-quantum model of discrete internal states (Part 32). (4) The collectivequantum behaviour of trillions of Cooper pairs acting as a single quantum entityvalidates the ocean's behaviour as a collective quantum system (Part 29). (5)The Josephson junction — two superconductors separated by a thin insulatingbarrier through which quantum effects propagate — is a laboratory-scalestructural analogue of the bubble wall separating universe from ocean (Part30). (6) The tilted washboard potential governing the Josephson junction isstructurally identical to the false vacuum landscape governing bubblenucleation. (7) Martinis's subsequent invention of the superconducting qubitand his leadership of Google's quantum computing program (Sycamore 2019,Willow 2024) demonstrates a direct causal chain from the Nobel discovery tothe quantum computers our framework identifies as ocean probes (Part 28).Five elements across Parts 27–32 are upgraded from [P] Plausible to [E]Established (Nobel-validated). 🌌 Interactive Space Research Assistant: Explore and ask questions about this research interactively with the Quantum Ocean Framework Ai Chat (or talk directly with the Quantum Ocean Framework Ai voice conversation).
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2025 has been awarded to John Clarke, John Martinis, and Michel Devoret for "the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit". The paper explains the essence of their studies and shows in a historical context the importance of earlier research in superconductivity and quantum physics of macroscopic systems by other physicists, particularly, Ukrainian scientists, including employees of the B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the NAS of Ukraine (ILTPE). The role of the Fizyka Nyzkykh Temperatur (FNT) journal issued by ILTPE in Kharkiv and its translation as AIP Low Temperature Physics (LTP) in dissemination of results of the theoretical and experimental studies in the field is emphasized as well.