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Compact Atom Sources for Optical Frequency Standards

Julian Pick

Published Jan 1, 2025• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Atomic clocks are crucial for precise time dissemination, supporting industrial applications for navigation, telecommunication, the financial system, and the energy industry by ensuring accurate timekeeping and synchronization. At present, the best atomic clocks are based on optical transitions. Optical lattice clocks based on Yb or Sr achieve fractional frequency uncertainties in the low 10^−18 regime. This remarkable accuracy allows resolving the gravitational redshift on the centimeter scale. This progress has driven the development of compact transportable optical lattice clocks, which are crucial for field- or even space applications. Especially for space operation, there is a critical need to minimize size, weight and power consumption of key components, particularly the source of laser-cooled atoms. Conventional atom sources for optical lattice clocks consist of an atomic oven with a high power consumption and a six-beam magneto-optical trap (MOT) that requires a large and complex optical setup. This thesis addresses the technical challenges associated with the development of compact sources of laser-cooled alkaline-earth-like atoms by demonstrating a miniaturized atomic oven and a miniaturized MOT for Yb and Sr. The MOT generation is tested with three types of in-vacuum optical elements that generate all the required laser beams for three-dimensional trapping and cooling with only one single input beam. A quasi-monolithic aluminum structure generating a conventional MOT beam geometry that is called pyramid reflector is compared to a quasi-planar optical element called Fresnel reflector. Both are characterized and compared using the same high-flux Yb source. Particularly, two-stage cooling of a fermionic alkaline-earth-like atom in a non-conventional MOT configuration is performed for the first time, demonstrating the applicability of planar MOT optics in optical lattice clocks. Furthermore, a planar diffraction grating is combined with the miniaturized atomic oven inside a highly compact vacuum chamber. The atomic oven is based on a circular fused silica chip and is tested by loading an Yb MOT generated with the pyramid reflector and a Sr MOT generated with the diffraction grating. It requires less than 250 mW of electrical heating power to generate a MOT loading rate above 10^8 atoms/s with the pyramid reflector. The presented components form a compact source of laser-cooled Yb or Sr atoms, and, when combined with a compact optical lattice setup, will serve as the basic building blocks of a future transportable optical lattice clock.

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Compact atom sources for optical frequency standards

Julian Pick

Atomic clocks are crucial for precise time dissemination, supporting industrial applications for navigation, telecommunication, the financial system, and the energy industry by ensuring accurate timekeeping and synchronization. At present, the best atomic clocks are based on optical transitions. Optical lattice clocks based on Yb or Sr achieve fractional frequency uncertainties in the low 10^(-18) regime. This remarkable accuracy allows resolving the gravitational redshift on the centimeter scale. This progress has driven the development of compact transportable optical lattice clocks, which are crucial for field- or even space applications. Especially for space operation, there is a critical need to minimize size, weight and power consumption of key components, particularly the source of laser-cooled atoms. Conventional atom sources for optical lattice clocks consist of an atomic oven with a high power consumption and a six-beam magneto-optical trap (MOT) that requires a large and complex optical setup. This thesis addresses the technical challenges associated with the development of compact sources of laser-cooled alkaline-earth-like atoms by demonstrating a miniaturized atomic oven and a miniaturized MOT for Yb and Sr. The MOT generation is tested with three types of in-vacuum optical elements that generate all the required laser beams for three-dimensional trapping and cooling with only one single input beam. A quasi-monolithic aluminum structure generating a conventional MOT beam geometry that is called pyramid reflector is compared to a quasi-planar optical element called Fresnel reflector. Both are characterized and compared using the same high-flux Yb source. Particularly, two-stage cooling of a fermionic alkaline-earth-like atom in a non-conventional MOT configuration is performed for the first time, demonstrating the applicability of planar MOT optics in optical lattice clocks. Furthermore, a planar diffraction grating is combined with the miniaturized atomic oven inside a highly compact vacuum chamber. The atomic oven is based on a circular fused silica chip and is tested by loading an Yb MOT generated with the pyramid reflector and a Sr MOT generated with the diffraction grating. It requires less than 250 mW of electrical heating power to generate a MOT loading rate above 10^8 atoms/s with the pyramid reflector. The presented components form a compact source of laser-cooled Yb or Sr atoms, and, when combined with a compact optical lattice setup, will serve as the basic building blocks of a future transportable optical lattice clock.

•Jan 1, 2026•0 citations

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Optical lattice clocks based on ytterbium (Yb) and strontium (Sr) are emerging as key technologies in precision timekeeping and metrology. Recent advancements in miniaturization and transportability are making them increasingly accessible for applications outside traditional laboratory settings. However, the degree of miniaturization is limited by the atomic source that is used to provide laser-cooled atoms for the clock spectroscopy. Conventional atomic sources for optical lattice clocks consist of a high-power oven and a magneto-optical trap (MOT) that requires six incident laser beams for three-dimensional trapping and cooling. Here, we present technologies that allow a significant miniaturization of the required experimental setups to realize a MOT for Yb and Sr. These are a chip-based microstructured atomic oven and in-vacuum optical elements that require only a single incident laser beam to generate all of the required beams for three-dimensional trapping and cooling. The oven was manufactured with LIDE® (laser induced deep etching). It was paired with an aluminum pyramid reflector to load Yb atoms into a MOT. The oven was placed directly at the outside of the reflector, forming a compact setup that is used for atom evaporation and direct trapping and cooling. In this configuration, MOT loading rates above 10^8 atoms/s were measured for oven heating powers below 250 mW. Furthermore, the microstructured oven was paired with a grating MOT chip inside a highly compact vacuum chamber. The chamber was additively manufactured from titanium and the assembled setup spans a volume of less than 750 ml. In this setup, up to 10^5 Sr atoms were trapped in the MOT.

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Optical lattice clocks utilizing strontium (Sr) and ytterbium (Yb) are essential for high-precision metrology and the maintenance of critical infrastructure; however, their practical deployment is currently hindered by significant size, weight, and power (SWaP) constraints. While recent advancements have led to more compact architectures, the footprint and energy consumption of the atomic source remain a primary bottleneck. In this work, we demonstrate key miniaturization technologies: a micro-structured chip-based oven and in-vacuum optics that enable a 3D magneto-optical trap (MOT) using only a single laser beam. When integrated with a pyramid reflector MOT, the LIDE-fabricated oven achieves loading rates exceeding 108 174Yb atoms/s at heating powers below 0.3 W. Furthermore, we demonstrate the trapping of 105 Sr atoms evaporated from the micro-oven within a compact, additively manufactured titanium vacuum chamber (V < 0.75 l) utilizing a grating-chip-based 88Sr MOT.

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Towards miniaturized strontium optical lattice clock

Wei He

Optical atomic clocks with precisions and accuracies in the 10\(^-\)\(^1\)\(^8\) level [1] are now the most advanced man-made timekeeping devices. They outperform the microwave cesium atomic clocks that realize the SI definition of the second. Scaling down the size of optical atomic clocks may open the door to a range of industrial and space applications. In this thesis, the design and preliminary results of a compact strontium cooling system are presented. In the first cooling stage, the high power 461 nm laser with 300 mW output features a modular design, while smaller laser sources for demonstrating a strontium magneto-optical trap have also been investigated. An innovative design that couples a spectroscopy cell directly into the scientific chamber reduces the overall size and power consumption of the system. Additionally, using strontium oxide as a source of strontium atoms suitable for optical clocks has achieved initial success. For the first time, a single-beam MOT configuration is applied to strontium. In this novel apparatus, the blue MOT and red MOT broadband cooling phases are able to trap 5x10\(^6\) and 1000 atoms, respectively. This work shows promising progress towards developing a functional miniaturized strontium optical lattice clock.

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The development of miniaturized atomic ovens for quantum sensors is a key advancement in compact optical clocks for portable and space applications. Our novel oven for alkaline-earth-like elements, made from microstructured fused silica, offers low power consumption and sufficient reservoir lifetime. It demonstrates high efficiency atom evaporation below 0.3 W of heating power and achieves loading rates in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) of up to 10^9 atoms/s. The compact design eliminates the need for large deceleration devices and can be integrated into quantum systems with stringent size, weight, and power (SWaP) requirements. Our innovation is critical for advancing quantum technologies in precision metrology to space-based platforms.

•May 15, 2025•0 citations

Low-power microstructured atomic oven for alkaline-earth-like elements

Julian Pick, J. Voß, Simon Hirt +4 more

Alkaline-earth-like elements play pivotal roles in advanced quantum sensing technologies, notably optical clocks, with unprecedented precision achieved in recent years. Despite remarkable progress, current optical-lattice clocks still face challenges in meeting the demanding size, weight, and power consumption constraints essential for space applications. Conventional atom sources, such as ovens or dispensers, require substantial heating power, which makes up a significant fraction of the overall power consumption of the system. Addressing this challenge, we present a microstructured atomic oven based on fused silica, designed for miniaturization and low-power operation. We characterize the oven by loading a magneto-optical trap with Yb evaporated from the oven and demonstrate operation with a loading rate above 10 8 atoms / s for heating powers below 250 mW.

arXiv:2408.12471•Physical Review Applied•Jan 8, 2025•5 citations
Atomic clocks are crucial for precise time dissemination, supporting industrial applications for navigation, telecommunication, the financial system, and the energy industry by ensuring accurate timekeeping and synchronization. At present, the best atomic clocks are based on optical transitions. Optical lattice clocks based on Yb or Sr achieve fractional frequency uncertainties in the low 10^−18 regime. This remarkable accuracy allows resolving the gravitational redshift on the centimeter scale. This progress has driven the development of compact transportable optical lattice clocks, which are crucial for field- or even space applications. Especially for space operation, there is a critical need to minimize size, weight and power consumption of key components, particularly the source of laser-cooled atoms. Conventional atom sources for optical lattice clocks consist of an atomic oven with a high power consumption and a six-beam magneto-optical trap (MOT) that requires a large and complex optical setup. This thesis addresses the technical challenges associated with the development of compact sources of laser-cooled alkaline-earth-like atoms by demonstrating a miniaturized atomic oven and a miniaturized MOT for Yb and Sr. The MOT generation is tested with three types of in-vacuum optical elements that generate all the required laser beams for three-dimensional trapping and cooling with only one single input beam. A quasi-monolithic aluminum structure generating a conventional MOT beam geometry that is called pyramid reflector is compared to a quasi-planar optical element called Fresnel reflector. Both are characterized and compared using the same high-flux Yb source. Particularly, two-stage cooling of a fermionic alkaline-earth-like atom in a non-conventional MOT configuration is performed for the first time, demonstrating the applicability of planar MOT optics in optical lattice clocks. Furthermore, a planar diffraction grating is combined with the miniaturized atomic oven inside a highly compact vacuum chamber. The atomic oven is based on a circular fused silica chip and is tested by loading an Yb MOT generated with the pyramid reflector and a Sr MOT generated with the diffraction grating. It requires less than 250 mW of electrical heating power to generate a MOT loading rate above 10^8 atoms/s with the pyramid reflector. The presented components form a compact source of laser-cooled Yb or Sr atoms, and, when combined with a compact optical lattice setup, will serve as the basic building blocks of a future transportable optical lattice clock.
Atomic clocks are crucial for precise time dissemination, supporting industrial applications for navigation, telecommunication, the financial system, and the energy industry by ensuring accurate timekeeping and synchronization. At present, the best atomic clocks are based on optical transitions. Optical lattice clocks based on Yb or Sr achieve fractional frequency uncertainties in the low 10^(-18) regime. This remarkable accuracy allows resolving the gravitational redshift on the centimeter scale. This progress has driven the development of compact transportable optical lattice clocks, which are crucial for field- or even space applications. Especially for space operation, there is a critical need to minimize size, weight and power consumption of key components, particularly the source of laser-cooled atoms. Conventional atom sources for optical lattice clocks consist of an atomic oven with a high power consumption and a six-beam magneto-optical trap (MOT) that requires a large and complex optical setup. This thesis addresses the technical challenges associated with the development of compact sources of laser-cooled alkaline-earth-like atoms by demonstrating a miniaturized atomic oven and a miniaturized MOT for Yb and Sr. The MOT generation is tested with three types of in-vacuum optical elements that generate all the required laser beams for three-dimensional trapping and cooling with only one single input beam. A quasi-monolithic aluminum structure generating a conventional MOT beam geometry that is called pyramid reflector is compared to a quasi-planar optical element called Fresnel reflector. Both are characterized and compared using the same high-flux Yb source. Particularly, two-stage cooling of a fermionic alkaline-earth-like atom in a non-conventional MOT configuration is performed for the first time, demonstrating the applicability of planar MOT optics in optical lattice clocks. Furthermore, a planar diffraction grating is combined with the miniaturized atomic oven inside a highly compact vacuum chamber. The atomic oven is based on a circular fused silica chip and is tested by loading an Yb MOT generated with the pyramid reflector and a Sr MOT generated with the diffraction grating. It requires less than 250 mW of electrical heating power to generate a MOT loading rate above 10^8 atoms/s with the pyramid reflector. The presented components form a compact source of laser-cooled Yb or Sr atoms, and, when combined with a compact optical lattice setup, will serve as the basic building blocks of a future transportable optical lattice clock.
Optical lattice clocks based on ytterbium (Yb) and strontium (Sr) are emerging as key technologies in precision timekeeping and metrology. Recent advancements in miniaturization and transportability are making them increasingly accessible for applications outside traditional laboratory settings. However, the degree of miniaturization is limited by the atomic source that is used to provide laser-cooled atoms for the clock spectroscopy. Conventional atomic sources for optical lattice clocks consist of a high-power oven and a magneto-optical trap (MOT) that requires six incident laser beams for three-dimensional trapping and cooling. Here, we present technologies that allow a significant miniaturization of the required experimental setups to realize a MOT for Yb and Sr. These are a chip-based microstructured atomic oven and in-vacuum optical elements that require only a single incident laser beam to generate all of the required beams for three-dimensional trapping and cooling. The oven was manufactured with LIDE® (laser induced deep etching). It was paired with an aluminum pyramid reflector to load Yb atoms into a MOT. The oven was placed directly at the outside of the reflector, forming a compact setup that is used for atom evaporation and direct trapping and cooling. In this configuration, MOT loading rates above 10^8 atoms/s were measured for oven heating powers below 250 mW. Furthermore, the microstructured oven was paired with a grating MOT chip inside a highly compact vacuum chamber. The chamber was additively manufactured from titanium and the assembled setup spans a volume of less than 750 ml. In this setup, up to 10^5 Sr atoms were trapped in the MOT.
Optical lattice clocks utilizing strontium (Sr) and ytterbium (Yb) are essential for high-precision metrology and the maintenance of critical infrastructure; however, their practical deployment is currently hindered by significant size, weight, and power (SWaP) constraints. While recent advancements have led to more compact architectures, the footprint and energy consumption of the atomic source remain a primary bottleneck. In this work, we demonstrate key miniaturization technologies: a micro-structured chip-based oven and in-vacuum optics that enable a 3D magneto-optical trap (MOT) using only a single laser beam. When integrated with a pyramid reflector MOT, the LIDE-fabricated oven achieves loading rates exceeding 108 174Yb atoms/s at heating powers below 0.3 W. Furthermore, we demonstrate the trapping of 105 Sr atoms evaporated from the micro-oven within a compact, additively manufactured titanium vacuum chamber (V < 0.75 l) utilizing a grating-chip-based 88Sr MOT.
Optical atomic clocks with precisions and accuracies in the 10−^-−1^118^88 level [1] are now the most advanced man-made timekeeping devices. They outperform the microwave cesium atomic clocks that realize the SI definition of the second. Scaling down the size of optical atomic clocks may open the door to a range of industrial and space applications. In this thesis, the design and preliminary results of a compact strontium cooling system are presented. In the first cooling stage, the high power 461 nm laser with 300 mW output features a modular design, while smaller laser sources for demonstrating a strontium magneto-optical trap have also been investigated. An innovative design that couples a spectroscopy cell directly into the scientific chamber reduces the overall size and power consumption of the system. Additionally, using strontium oxide as a source of strontium atoms suitable for optical clocks has achieved initial success. For the first time, a single-beam MOT configuration is applied to strontium. In this novel apparatus, the blue MOT and red MOT broadband cooling phases are able to trap 5x106^66 and 1000 atoms, respectively. This work shows promising progress towards developing a functional miniaturized strontium optical lattice clock.
The development of miniaturized atomic ovens for quantum sensors is a key advancement in compact optical clocks for portable and space applications. Our novel oven for alkaline-earth-like elements, made from microstructured fused silica, offers low power consumption and sufficient reservoir lifetime. It demonstrates high efficiency atom evaporation below 0.3 W of heating power and achieves loading rates in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) of up to 10^9 atoms/s. The compact design eliminates the need for large deceleration devices and can be integrated into quantum systems with stringent size, weight, and power (SWaP) requirements. Our innovation is critical for advancing quantum technologies in precision metrology to space-based platforms.
Alkaline-earth-like elements play pivotal roles in advanced quantum sensing technologies, notably optical clocks, with unprecedented precision achieved in recent years. Despite remarkable progress, current optical-lattice clocks still face challenges in meeting the demanding size, weight, and power consumption constraints essential for space applications. Conventional atom sources, such as ovens or dispensers, require substantial heating power, which makes up a significant fraction of the overall power consumption of the system. Addressing this challenge, we present a microstructured atomic oven based on fused silica, designed for miniaturization and low-power operation. We characterize the oven by loading a magneto-optical trap with Yb evaporated from the oven and demonstrate operation with a loading rate above 10 8 atoms / s for heating powers below 250 mW.