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The Scientific Issues of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University Series pedagogy

РАДІОХВИЛІ ЯК ПОТІК ЧАСТИНОК, ЩО ПЕРЕБУВАЮТЬ У КОЛИВАЛЬНОМУ СТАНІ

Grokholskyi, Y. M., Sus, B. A., Sus, B. В.

Published Jan 20, 2017• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Electromagnetic waves are a radio, light, X-rays and gamma rays. However, traditionally electromagnetic waves considered in scientific and in academic literature in different positions. Radio waves are always considered as a waves, while light is represented as electromagnetic waves and as a stream of particles. Light as electromagnetic waves, which undoubtedly confirmed experimentally in such a phenomenon as wave interference, at the same time treated as a stream of particles, which are called photons. Since radio waves, like light, are electromagnetic waves, also the question arises to interpret them in terms of corpuscular approach. It is shown that the range of radio waves as electromagnetic waves also have dual wave-particle nature – this is the wave and a particle at the same time. Some particles of radio waves stay in the vibrational state with the transition of electromagnetic energy to particle mass and vice versa.

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Electromagnetic waves are a radio, light, X-rays and gamma rays. However, traditionally electromagnetic waves considered in scientific and in academic literature in different positions. Radio waves are always considered as a waves, while light is represented as electromagnetic waves and as a stream of particles. Light as electromagnetic waves, which undoubtedly confirmed experimentally in such a phenomenon as wave interference, at the same time treated as a stream of particles, which are called photons. Since radio waves, like light, are electromagnetic waves, also the question arises to interpret them in terms of corpuscular approach. It is shown that the range of radio waves as electromagnetic waves also have dual wave-particle nature – this is the wave and a particle at the same time. Some particles of radio waves stay in the vibrational state with the transition of electromagnetic energy to particle mass and vice versa.
Electromagnetic waves are a radio, light, X-rays and gamma rays. However, traditionally electromagnetic waves considered in scientific and in academic literature in different positions. Radio waves are always considered as a waves, while light is represented as electromagnetic waves and as a stream of particles. Light as electromagnetic waves, which undoubtedly confirmed experimentally in such a phenomenon as wave interference, at the same time treated as a stream of particles, which are called photons. Since radio waves, like light, are electromagnetic waves, also the question arises to interpret them in terms of corpuscular approach. It is shown that the range of radio waves as electromagnetic waves also have dual wave-particle nature – this is the wave and a particle at the same time. Some particles of radio waves stay in the vibrational state with the transition of electromagnetic energy to particle mass and vice versa.
Abstract Though no simple picture has been invented affording a mechanical model of a light ray, by combining the notions of waves and particles a logically consistent theory has been devised which seems essentially capable of accounting for the properties of light as we know them. Radio rays, heat rays, visible and ultra‐violet light, X‐rays, gamma rays and cosmic rays all are thus different varieties of light. We find from our experiments on diffraction and interference that light consists of waves. The photoelectric effect and the scattering of X‐rays give equally convincing reasons for believing that light consists of particles. For centuries it has been supposed that the two conceptions are contradictory. Goaded on, however, by obstinate experiments we seem to have found a way out. We continue to think of light propagated as electromagnetic waves; but whenever the light does something, it does it as photons. In reply to our question, what is light, the answer seems to come, waves and particles, light is both.
It has already been noted (section 2.8) that high frequency electromagnetic radiation can exhibit particle-like behaviour. For example, in the sensitive type of detector known as a photomultiplier tube (described in Wehr and Richards, Physics of the Atom , 2nd edn, Addison-Wesley, section 10.5), a beam of low-intensity X-rays is detected as a sequence of isolated sharp pulses, such as would be produced by a stream of particles arriving at the detector. As was pointed out, it is not surprising that it is usually high-frequency radiation which travels in particle form; as shown in figure 2.39, a wave group of high-frequency radiation can be compressed into a very short time span. However, when we speak of a particle, we mean something more than an entity which arrives in a short time span. A particle has a definite size, or more exactly it has a well-defined energy and momentum. It was discovered around about 1900 that the same is true of an X-ray wave packet: all packets of a given frequency radiation carry the same energy and momentum. This revolutionary discovery means that we must treat the wave packets as particles on exactly the same footing as more familiar particles such as electrons. The electromagnetic particle is called a photon . There is a wealth of experimental evidence which may be used to define the properties of a photon. We shall be highly selective, however, and simply present two particularly clear-cut experiments, the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering, which enable one to define the energy and momentum of the photon in terms of the frequency and wave number of the corresponding wave. These experiments will be described in detail in section 4.1.
We describe electromagnetic energy as a follow up to the author’s THE ANTI-NEUTRON MODEL OF THE ATOM. See www.k1man.com/c2 We identify the exact source and reason for “quantum” in quantum mechanics. A radio wave is continuous emissions, while light, X, and gamma are discrete because of the sudden deceleration of the electrons (inside the atom) when quickly stopping and thus generating electromagnetic emissions as electrons change energy states within the atom or inside the nucleus. That would explain a lot! Those bursts of electromagnetic energy are the photon (Planck/Einstein) bundles of energy, quite different from a mostly continuous (but kind of sudden accelerations/decelerations at the positive and negative peaks) of radio waves. But how do the photons interfere with one another? And how do the photons diffract? Quite important is the general view of E = MC^2, which the author has disproved as a general law for ALL matter in www.k1man.com/c1 E = MC^2 is/might be approximate for annihilation, as described in www.k1man.com/c2 This new approach will better address the particle wave duality quantum mechanics mystery.
Scientific inquiry took millennia to ascertain the true nature of light, and it is not possible here to attempt to recapitulate all of the philosophizing, hypotheses, arguments, and experimentation involved in that great debate. The main point of controversy was whether light should be considered as a particle or as a wave. Empedocles of Acragas (492–432 b.c.e .) was of the opinion that light is a “streaming substance” emitted by luminous bodies, and that light travels at a finite speed ( Sambursky, 1958 ). In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton postulated that light is composed of particles and that color is connected with the size of those particles; however, his contemporary Christiaan Huygens argued that light is a wave that transfers energy but not substance ( Einstein & Infeld, 1966 , p. 105ff). It turns out that light is indeed a wave propagating via electric and magnetic fields, but in addition to exhibiting properties of waves (such as interference) it also exhibits properties of particles (such as momentum and localization). When treating light as particles, the individual quanta are called photons .