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Evaluació de la seguretat de la capa física basada en la generació de claus en LoRaWAN

Girones De La Fuente, Andreu

Published Sep 1, 2020• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

This work analyzes the behavior of physical layer security in a LoRaWAN. For this purpose, a testbed is designed and implemented. The testbed had two main participants, Alice and Bob. Each one was transmitting over the LoRa protocol. For the generation of the symmetric keys, based on the channel perceived by Alice and Bob, the RSSI measure was chosen as the channel parameter to be quantized. For the quantization process, two different quantizers were used. Those are the threshold-based quantizer and the difference-based quantizer. Furthermore, when the results are discussed, its performance is compared. Also, we analyze how the performance of both quantizers is when the key generation was based on samples that present different correlations between Alice?s and Bob?s measures.

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Physical layer key generation that exploits reciprocity and randomness of wireless fading channels has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Despite much research efforts in this field, the problem of wireless key generation at long distance and low data rate remains unknown and has not been studied. In this paper, we conduct extensive experiments and analysis in real indoor and outdoor environments to explore the feasibility of wireless key generation for Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN). Based on the results, we present LoRa-Key, the first complete key establishment protocol for LoRaWAN by exploring the shared randomness extracted from measured Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). LoRa-Key employs a number of signal processing techniques to improve key generation rate significantly. Experimental results show that LoRa-Key can achieve key establishment rates of 13 bit/s in stationary scenario and 21 bit/s in mobile scenario. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that studies key generation protocol for LoRaWAN.

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Wireless networks get subjected to the different attacks because of it's open nature. Eavesdropping attack, which occurs at the Physical layer of the OSI model, has a great impact on wireless network security. Conventional security in wireless networks depends on the cryptographic techniques. But in wireless sensor networks where a key management infrastructure may not be present and the power resources are also limited, generating a cryptographic key between two mobile entities becomes difficult. Hence Physical layer Security (PLS) has become a novel research solution. In PLS based key generation, a symmetric secret key is obtained at both the ends of the legitimate users using the properties of wireless channel. The key generation process includes four major blocks namely channel measurement, quantization of input samples, error detection and correction and privacy amplification. The output of quantizer has a great effect on the bit mismatch rate (BMR) between the two legitimate users. It also has an impact on key generation rate (KGR). Hence selecting a proper quantizer becomes very essential. In this paper different Quantization schemes are analyzed to achieve effective PLS between the two legitimate users.

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Physical-layer security (PLS) schemes use the randomness of the channel parameters, namely, channel state information (CSI) and received signal strength indicator (RSSI) to generate the secret keys. There has been limited work in PLS schemes in long-range (LoRa) wide-area networks (LoRaWANs) which hinder their widespread application. Limitations observed in existing studies include the requirement of high correlation between channel parameter measurements for secret key generation in the proposed schemes and the evaluation of the schemes has only been done in either fully indoor or outdoor environments. The real-world wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and LoRa use cases might not meet both requirements thus making the current PLS schemes inappropriate for these systems. By considering the limitations found in existing PLS schemes, this article proposes LoRA-LiSK, a practical and efficient shared secret key generation scheme for LoRa networks. Our proposed LoRa-LiSK scheme consists of several preprocessing techniques (timestamp matching, two sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests, and a Savitzky–Golay filter), multilevel quantization, information reconciliation using Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, and finally, privacy amplification using secure hash algorithm SHA-2. The LoRa-LiSK scheme is extensively evaluated on real WSN/IoT devices in practical application scenarios: 1) indoor to outdoor and 2) LoRa static and mobile outdoor links. It outperforms existing schemes by generating keys with channel parameter measurements of low correlation values (0.2–0.6), while still essentially achieving high key generation rates, and low key disagreement rates (10%–20%). The scheme updates a key in approximately 1 h using an application profile with high transmission rate compared to 3 h reported by existing works while still respecting the duty cycle regulation. It also incurs less communication overhead compared to the existing works.

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Physical Layer Secret Key Generation in Static Environments

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Two legitimate parties, referred to as Alice and Bob, wish to generate secret keys from the wireless channel in the presence of an eavesdropper, referred to as Eve, in order to use such keys for encryption and decryption. In general, the secret key rate highly depends on the coherence time of the channel. In particular, a straightforward method of generating secret keys in static environments results in ultra-low rates. In order to resolve this problem, we introduce a low-complexity method called induced randomness. In this method, Alice and Bob independently generate local randomness to be used together with the uniqueness of the wireless channel coefficients in order to enable high-rate secret key generation. In this work, two scenarios are considered: first, when Alice and Bob share a direct communication channel, and second, when Alice and Bob do not have a direct link and communicate through an untrusted relay. After exchanging the induced randomness, post-processing is done by Alice and Bob to generate highly-correlated samples that are used for the key generation. Such samples are then converted into bits, disparities between the sequences generated by Alice and Bob are mitigated, and the resulting sequences are then hashed to compensate for the information leakage to the eavesdropper and to allow consistency checking of the generated key bit sequences. We utilize semantic security measures and information-theoretic inequalities to upper bound the probability of successful eavesdropping attack in terms of the mutual information measures that can be numerically computed. Given certain reasonable system parameters this bound is numerically evaluated to be 2-31and 2-10.57in the first and the second scenario, respectively.

arXiv:1908.03637•IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security•Jan 1, 2020•195 citations
This work analyzes the behavior of physical layer security in a LoRaWAN. For this purpose, a testbed is designed and implemented. The testbed had two main participants, Alice and Bob. Each one was transmitting over the LoRa protocol. For the generation of the symmetric keys, based on the channel perceived by Alice and Bob, the RSSI measure was chosen as the channel parameter to be quantized. For the quantization process, two different quantizers were used. Those are the threshold-based quantizer and the difference-based quantizer. Furthermore, when the results are discussed, its performance is compared. Also, we analyze how the performance of both quantizers is when the key generation was based on samples that present different correlations between Alice?s and Bob?s measures.
Physical layer security is a relatively new subfield inside security engineering and information theory that relies on properties of the wireless channel to secure or increase the security of the transmission. In this project we will develop a set of tools that will let us create a real world workbench for studying possible implementations about different physical layer security proposals. We will combine the powerful possibilities given by the open source project GNU Radio with the capacity of simulations and real software radio boards to understand the different experiments we can perform and the results that we should expect. At the very end, this projects aims to provide the necessary tools to bring real experiments related to physical layer security one step forward.
Physical layer key generation that exploits reciprocity and randomness of wireless fading channels has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Despite much research efforts in this field, the problem of wireless key generation at long distance and low data rate remains unknown and has not been studied. In this paper, we conduct extensive experiments and analysis in real indoor and outdoor environments to explore the feasibility of wireless key generation for Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN). Based on the results, we present LoRa-Key, the first complete key establishment protocol for LoRaWAN by exploring the shared randomness extracted from measured Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). LoRa-Key employs a number of signal processing techniques to improve key generation rate significantly. Experimental results show that LoRa-Key can achieve key establishment rates of 13 bit/s in stationary scenario and 21 bit/s in mobile scenario. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that studies key generation protocol for LoRaWAN.
Wireless networks get subjected to the different attacks because of it's open nature. Eavesdropping attack, which occurs at the Physical layer of the OSI model, has a great impact on wireless network security. Conventional security in wireless networks depends on the cryptographic techniques. But in wireless sensor networks where a key management infrastructure may not be present and the power resources are also limited, generating a cryptographic key between two mobile entities becomes difficult. Hence Physical layer Security (PLS) has become a novel research solution. In PLS based key generation, a symmetric secret key is obtained at both the ends of the legitimate users using the properties of wireless channel. The key generation process includes four major blocks namely channel measurement, quantization of input samples, error detection and correction and privacy amplification. The output of quantizer has a great effect on the bit mismatch rate (BMR) between the two legitimate users. It also has an impact on key generation rate (KGR). Hence selecting a proper quantizer becomes very essential. In this paper different Quantization schemes are analyzed to achieve effective PLS between the two legitimate users.
Since the emergence of Internet of Things (IoT) technology on the surface a few years ago, this IoT technology has been advancing. It has attracted the attention of cybercriminals. One of the cybercrime targets is the security of key management systems and their distribution schemes. This paper offers a solution to this issue by using a physical layer key generation (PLKG) scheme which utilizes the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) from a Long Range (LoRa) device as a key extraction source. The proposed scheme utilizes several methods. Polynomial fitting is used for the initial fitting process, 2-Ary quantization for conversion of RSSI to multibit, BCH to correct the difference in bits obtained between the two authorized users, privacy amplification for increased randomness, and AES-128 for encryption of sent messages. The expected outcome of this paper is that the scheme developed can generate keys with high approximate entropy and fulfills randomness requirements so that there is no need to distribute keys between authorized users. Testing the success of the scheme will be carried out in indoor and outdoor environments with static user positions. The test results show that the keys generated in all scenarios meet the randomness requirements with approximate entropy values above 0.01.
Physical-layer security (PLS) schemes use the randomness of the channel parameters, namely, channel state information (CSI) and received signal strength indicator (RSSI) to generate the secret keys. There has been limited work in PLS schemes in long-range (LoRa) wide-area networks (LoRaWANs) which hinder their widespread application. Limitations observed in existing studies include the requirement of high correlation between channel parameter measurements for secret key generation in the proposed schemes and the evaluation of the schemes has only been done in either fully indoor or outdoor environments. The real-world wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and LoRa use cases might not meet both requirements thus making the current PLS schemes inappropriate for these systems. By considering the limitations found in existing PLS schemes, this article proposes LoRA-LiSK, a practical and efficient shared secret key generation scheme for LoRa networks. Our proposed LoRa-LiSK scheme consists of several preprocessing techniques (timestamp matching, two sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests, and a Savitzky–Golay filter), multilevel quantization, information reconciliation using Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, and finally, privacy amplification using secure hash algorithm SHA-2. The LoRa-LiSK scheme is extensively evaluated on real WSN/IoT devices in practical application scenarios: 1) indoor to outdoor and 2) LoRa static and mobile outdoor links. It outperforms existing schemes by generating keys with channel parameter measurements of low correlation values (0.2–0.6), while still essentially achieving high key generation rates, and low key disagreement rates (10%–20%). The scheme updates a key in approximately 1 h using an application profile with high transmission rate compared to 3 h reported by existing works while still respecting the duty cycle regulation. It also incurs less communication overhead compared to the existing works.
Two legitimate parties, referred to as Alice and Bob, wish to generate secret keys from the wireless channel in the presence of an eavesdropper, referred to as Eve, in order to use such keys for encryption and decryption. In general, the secret key rate highly depends on the coherence time of the channel. In particular, a straightforward method of generating secret keys in static environments results in ultra-low rates. In order to resolve this problem, we introduce a low-complexity method called induced randomness. In this method, Alice and Bob independently generate local randomness to be used together with the uniqueness of the wireless channel coefficients in order to enable high-rate secret key generation. In this work, two scenarios are considered: first, when Alice and Bob share a direct communication channel, and second, when Alice and Bob do not have a direct link and communicate through an untrusted relay. After exchanging the induced randomness, post-processing is done by Alice and Bob to generate highly-correlated samples that are used for the key generation. Such samples are then converted into bits, disparities between the sequences generated by Alice and Bob are mitigated, and the resulting sequences are then hashed to compensate for the information leakage to the eavesdropper and to allow consistency checking of the generated key bit sequences. We utilize semantic security measures and information-theoretic inequalities to upper bound the probability of successful eavesdropping attack in terms of the mutual information measures that can be numerically computed. Given certain reasonable system parameters this bound is numerically evaluated to be 2-31and 2-10.57in the first and the second scenario, respectively.