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Observation of superradiant light scattering from a phase fluctuating dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate

Ziting Chen, Yifei He, Mingchen Huang, Gyu-Boong Jo, Mithilesh K. Parit, Bojeong Seo, Zhen, Haoting

Published Jan 1, 2023• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Collective light scattering in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) has been extensively studied by using its unique coherence property. However, most experiments have explored superradiant light scattering with closed-shell atoms (e.g. alkali and alkaline-earth-like atoms) in the regime where only s-wave interactions are present. Here, we experimentally combine tunable s-wave scattering with dipolar interactions in a BEC of Er atoms. By tuning s-wave interaction strength through the Feshbach resonance, we tune the superradiance threshold with increasing phase fluctuations. We also observe an asymmetric superradiant scattering in a dipolar BEC by changing the direction of the external magnetic field. This collective light scattering opens a new way of probing dipolar quantum liquids in a BEC.

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Collective light scattering in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) has been extensively studied by using its unique coherence property. However, most experiments have explored superradiant light scattering with closed-shell atoms (e.g. alkali and alkaline-earth-like atoms) in the regime where only s-wave interactions are present. Here, we experimentally combine tunable s-wave scattering with dipolar interactions in a BEC of Er atoms. By tuning s-wave interaction strength through the Feshbach resonance, we tune the superradiance threshold with increasing phase fluctuations. We also observe an asymmetric superradiant scattering in a dipolar BEC by changing the direction of the external magnetic field. This collective light scattering opens a new way of probing dipolar quantum liquids in a BEC.
Superradiance is the coherent spontaneous emission from a many-body system, owing to its origin in the simultaneous cooperative interaction among its constituents, initially predicted by R. H. Dicke in 1954. It has been a subject of intense study in various systems, especially in atomic systems. In this poster, we will present our recent observation on superradiant light scattering in a dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of Er atoms [1]. We systematically investigate how s-wave and dipolar interactions affect superradiant light scattering. Our finding opens a new way of characterizing many-body quantum states with light scattering. As an example, we examine the collective light scatter across the phase transition from a dipolar BEC to a quantum droplet.
Light scattering plays an essential role in uncovering the properties of quantum states through light-matter interactions. Here, we explore the crossover from Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) to droplets in a dipolar Er 166 gas by employing superradiant light scattering as both a probing and controlling tool. We observe that the efficiency of superradiant scattering exhibits a nonmonotonic behavior akin to the rate of sample expansion during the transition, signaling its sensitivity to the initial quantum state, and in turn revealing the BEC-droplet crossover. Through controlled atom depletion via superradiance, we analyze the sample's expansion dynamics and aspect ratio to identify the BEC-droplet phases distinctly, supported by Gaussian variational ansatz calculations. Finally, using these two approaches, we track how the BEC-droplet crossover points shift under varying magnetic field orientations. Our results show that superradiance can provide a state-sensitive probe and implement rapid atom-number quenches, opening new avenues for studying quantum states in atomic matter.
Due to its coherence properties and high optical depth, a Bose–Einstein condensate [BEC] provides an ideal setting to investigate collective atom-light interactions. Superradiant light scattering [SLS] in a BEC is a fascinating example of such an interaction. It is an analogous process to Dicke superradiance, in which an electronically inverted sample decays collectively, leading to the emission of one or more light pulses in a well-defined direction. Through time-resolved measurements of the superradiant light pulses emitted by an end-pumped BEC, we study the close connection of SLS with Dicke superradiance. A 1D model of the system yields good agreement with the experimental data and shows that the dynamics result from the structures that build up in the light and matter-wave fields along the BEC. This paves the way for exploiting the atom–photon correlations generated by the superradiance.
We present the results of an experiment on light scattering from an elongated Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) interacting with a far-off-resonant pump laser. By collective atomic recoil lasing (CARL) a coherent superposition of two atomic wave packets with different momenta is created. Varying the intensity of a weak counterpropagating laser beam we observe the transition from the pure superradiant regime to the Bragg scattering regime, where Rabi oscillations in a two-level system are observed. The process is limited by the decoherence between the two atomic wave packets. In the superradiant regime the experiment gives evidence of a contribution to decoherence which depends on the initial velocity of the condensate. The system is described by the CARL-BEC model, which is a generalization of the Gross-Pitaevskii model to include the self-consistent evolution of the scattered field and a phase-diffusion decoherence process, which accounts for the observed damping.
Dicke superradiance occurs when two or more emitters cooperatively interact via the electromagnetic field. This collective light-scattering process has been extensively studied across various platforms, from atoms to quantum dots and organic molecules. Despite extensive research, the precise role of direct interactions between emitters in superradiance remains elusive, particularly in many-body systems where the complexity of interactions poses significant challenges. In this study, we investigate the effect of dipole-dipole interaction between 18 000 atoms in dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) on the superradiance process. In dipolar BECs, we simplify the complex effect of anisotropic magnetic dipole-dipole interaction with Bogoliubov transformation. We observe that anisotropic Bogoliubov excitation breaks the mirror symmetry in decay modes of superradiance. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
The sss-wave interaction is usually the dominant form of interactions in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). Recently, Feshbach resonances have been employed to reduce the strength of the sss-wave interaction in many atomic species. This opens the possibilities to study magnetic dipole-dipole interactions (MDDIs) in BECs, where the novel physics resulting from long-range and anisotropic dipolar interactions can be explored. Using a variational method, we study the effect of MDDIs on the statics and dynamics of atomic BECs with tunable sss-wave interactions for a variety of species, including both nonalkali metals with large magnetic dipole moments (52{}^{52}52Cr, 164{}^{164}164Dy, 168{}^{168}168Er) and alkali metals (with much smaller magnetic dipole moments). A parameter of magnetic Feshbach resonances, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{dd,\text{max}}$, is used to quantitatively indicate the feasibility of experimentally observing MDDI effects in different atomic species. We find that strong MDDI effects should be observable in both in-trap and time-of-flight behaviors, not only for the strongly magnetic dipolar species but also for the alkali-metal BECs of 7{}^{7}7Li, 39{}^{39}39K, and 133{}^{133}133Cs. In addition, we predict several effects which should be experimentally observable. Our results provide a helpful guide for experimentalists to realize and study atomic dipolar quantum gases.