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Acta Physica Sinica

Dual-paramter-scanning-based quantum- memory- assisted measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution protocol

Chang LIU, Mingshuo SUN, Yizhen LUO, Shuyan DONG, Chunhui ZHANG, Qin Wang

Published Nov 12, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

基于量子存储辅助的测量设备无关量子密钥分发（MDI-QKD）协议原理上能有效提升量子密钥分发系统的传输距离和密钥率，但现有三强度诱骗态方案受有限长效应影响严重，仍存在密钥率低、安全传输距离受限等问题。针对以上问题，本文提出了一种基于双参数扫描的量子存储辅助MDI-QKD协议，一方面，通过使用四强度诱骗态方法降低有限长效应的影响；另一方面，结合集体约束模型与双参数扫描算法来优化有限样本下的单光子计数率和相位误码率的估算精度，从而有效提升系统的整体性能。同时，本文开展了相关数值仿真计算，仿真结果显示，本方案与现有其他同类MDI-QKD方案，比如基于存储辅助的三强度诱骗态方案以及不使用存储的四强度诱骗态方案相比，在相同的实验条件下，分别提升了超过30公里和100公里的安全传输距离。因此，本文工作将为未来发展远距离量子通信网络提供重要的参考价值。

DOI
10.7498/aps.75.20251171

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基于量子存储辅助的测量设备无关量子密钥分发（MDI-QKD）协议原理上能有效提升量子密钥分发系统的传输距离和密钥率，但现有三强度诱骗态方案受有限长效应影响严重，仍存在密钥率低、安全传输距离受限等问题。针对以上问题，本文提出了一种基于双参数扫描的量子存储辅助MDI-QKD协议，一方面，通过使用四强度诱骗态方法降低有限长效应的影响；另一方面，结合集体约束模型与双参数扫描算法来优化有限样本下的单光子计数率和相位误码率的估算精度，从而有效提升系统的整体性能。同时，本文开展了相关数值仿真计算，仿真结果显示，本方案与现有其他同类MDI-QKD方案，比如基于存储辅助的三强度诱骗态方案以及不使用存储的四强度诱骗态方案相比，在相同的实验条件下，分别提升了超过30公里和100公里的安全传输距离。因此，本文工作将为未来发展远距离量子通信网络提供重要的参考价值。
测量设备无关量子密钥分发(Measurement Device Independent Quantum Key Distribution, MDI-QKD)协议因其对测量端攻击的天然免疫性而成为当前量子通信领域的研究热点，但其密钥生成依赖于两个独立光子同时干涉成功，导致成功概率随通信距离增加和信道损耗增大而急剧下降，严重限制了远距离量子通信能力。且一次成功干涉仅能提取 1 比特密钥信息，编码效率较低，使其难以满足高密钥率应用场景的需求。针对这些关键问题，本文提出将多尺度纠缠重整化假设(Multi-scale Entanglement Renormalization Ansatz，MERA)应用于测量设备无关量子密钥分发协议，并设计了三种具体实现方案：基于MERA态第L层压缩单光子态的MDI-QKD、基于MERA态第L-1层压缩纠缠态的MDI-QKD和混合模式下的MDI-QKD。这些方案利用MERA独特的分层压缩结构，每次压缩均显著减少光子数量，最终仅需传输两个甚至单个光子，即可重构出多层包含多个光子的矩阵乘积态(Matrix Product State，MPS)，从而一次性实现多比特的高效密钥生成，极大地减少了量子信道的使用次数。通过动态调整压缩深度，这三种方案能够根据实际网络环境和误码率情况灵活优化量子资源使用效率，避免低层次网络资源的浪费。同时，相比经典MDI-QKD协议每次干涉仅产生1比特密钥，本文提出的方案实现了密钥规模的指数级增长。通过仿真实验，基于MERA第L层压缩单光子的MDI-QKD协议在通信距离为150km时，较经典MDI-QKD协议提高了约22931%的密钥生成率。基于MERA第L-1层压缩纠缠态的MDI-QKD和混合模式下的MDI-QKD协议，在350km处仍能保持10^-11 bit/pulse 的密钥生成率，较经典MDI-QKD协议延长了约 150 km 的有效通信距离。
与宣布单个光子来源(HSPS ) 一起，一个 measurement-device-independent 量钥匙分发(MDIQKD ) 协议被建议，与一个三紧张的圈套状态方法结合了。HSPS 有二模式的特征，当信号模式，和其它是宣布了模式减少黑暗计数的影响被使用，一个模式被使用。收益的更低的界限和错误率的上面的界限被推出，有 HSPS 的 MDI-QKD 协议的表演被分析。模拟结果证明有 HSPS 的 MDI-QKD 协议能完成关键产生率和与单个光子来源(SPS ) 一起接近协议的理论限制的安全传播距离。而且，关键产生率将与发送者察觉效率的加薪改善。有 HSPS 的 MDI-QKD 协议的关键产生率是一些不到与在结束的弱协调来源(WCS ) 一起的 MDI-QKD 协议的变化，但是将在远范围超过后者。而且，更远的传播距离由于 HSPS 的二模式的特征被获得。
Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) protocol can effectively resist all possible attacks targeting the measurement devices in a quantum key distribution (QKD) system, thus exhibiting high security. However, due to the protocol’s high sensitivity to channel attenuation, its key generation rate and transmission distance are significantly limited in practical applications. To improve the performance of MDI-QKD, researchers have proposed quantum-memory (QM)-assisted MDI-QKD protocol, which has enhanced the protocol's performance to a certain extent. Nevertheless, under finite-size conditions where the total number of transmitted pulses is limited, accurately estimating the relevant statistical parameters is still a challenge. As a result, existing QM-assisted MDI-QKD schemes still encounters issues such as low key rates and limited secure transmission distances. To solve these problems, this work proposes a novel improved finite-size QM-assisted MDI-QKD protocol. By utilizing quantum memories to temporarily store early-arriving pulses and release them synchronously, the protocol effectively reduces the influence caused by channel asymmetry. Additionally, the protocol introduces a four-intensity decoy-state method to improve the estimation accuracy of single-photon components. Meanwhile, to mitigate the influence of finite-length effects on QM schemes, the proposed protocol combines a collective constraint model and a double-scanning algorithm to jointly estimate scanning error counts and vacuum-related counts. This approach enhances the estimation accuracy of the single-photon detection rate and phase error rate under finite-size conditions, thereby significantly improving the secure key rate of the MDI-QKD system. Simulation results show that under the same experimental conditions, compared with the existing QM-assisted three-intensity decoy-state MDI-QKD protocol and the four-intensity decoy-state MDI-QKD protocol based on Heralded Single-photon Source (HSPS), the proposed protocol extends the secure transmission distance by more than 30 km and 100 km, respectively. This proves that under the same parameter settings, the proposed scheme exhibits significant advantages in both key rate and secure transmission distance. Therefore, this research provides important theoretical references and valuable benchmarks for developing long-distance, high-security quantum communication networks.
本文综述远距离实用化量子密钥分发(Quantum Key Distribution, QKD)的历史、现状和进展, 重点梳理诱骗态、测量设备无关(Measurement-Device-Independent, MDI) QKD、双场(Twin-Field, TF) QKD、“发送/不发送”(Sending-or-Not-Sending, SNS)协议与侧信道安全(Side-Channel-Secure, SCS)协议等技术路线的理论进展及其在远距离实用化 QKD 实验和工程中的应用. 诱骗态方法解决了弱相干光源多光子成分带来的安全问题,而MDI-QKD则从协议层面彻底免疫了探测端的所有侧信道攻击. 针对信道损耗导致的远距离成码瓶颈, TF-QKD和SNS协议利用中间节点单光子干涉机制使密钥率呈信道透射率的平方根标度,从而突破无中继线性界.特别地, SNS协议凭借其对相位校准误差的高容忍度, 已成功应用于千公里级光纤QKD重大实验突破、现场商用户外光纤及片上集成QKD网络等多个关键应用场景. 以SNS协议为代表的双场QKD技术框架,为推动远距离QKD从实验室研究转向实际应用提供了重要路径. SCS协议利用真空态无侧信道的特性与映射安全性框架,建立了源端全空间态的安全性,且保持测量设备无关安全性.
The measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI QKD) can resist all attacks against measurement devices. However, its practical performance is still limited due to very low coincidence counting rates in Bell-state measurements. In this paper, we propose a practical memory-assisted MDI QKD protocol by cooperating the heralded single-photon sources and an all-optical quantum memory. By making use of the heralding characteristic of heralded single-photon sources, the earlier photon will be stored in the Sagnac optical quantum memory, and then released till another photon's arrival. Moreover, by combining with the decoy-state method, the present work exhibits significantly improved key rates and transmission distances compared with all existing MDI QKD protocols without using quantum memories. Therefore, this work can provide valuable references for practical implementation of long-distance quantum communications.