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Lecture notes in physics

Non-perturbative Description of Quantum Systems

И. Д. Феранчук, Alexey Ivanov, Van-Hoang Le, Alexander P. Ulyanenkov

Published Dec 19, 2014• 36 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-3-319-13006-4

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The aim of this work is to show how Einstein's quantum hypothesis leads immediately and necessarily to a departure from classical mechanics. First we note that the classical description and predictions are in terms of idealized measurements that are exact, instantaneous, non-perturbative, independent of each other and process agnostic. If we assume we cannot arbitrarily reduce the strength of a signal, measurements are ultimately perturbative to some degree. We show how a physical description in which the best measurement conceivable, i.e. the ideal measurement, perturbs the system leads to all the concepts present in quantum mechanics including conjugate variables, probabilistic predictions and measurements connected to symmetries.
The description of open quantum system dynamics beyond the perturbative treatment (usually associated with Markovian master equations) is a computationally challenging task due to the unfavorable exponential scaling of memory kernels. Developed over recent decades in the context of quantum information and condensed matter, tensor networks provide both a new formalism and a toolbox for overcoming previous computational bottlenecks. This framework enables the formulation of non-perturbative, numerically exact methods for describing the dynamics of open quantum systems to controllable numerical accuracy. In this review, we present these methods and discuss their commonalities and differences to paint a comprehensive view of the field.
We consider a general open system dynamics and we provide a recursive method to derive the associated non-Markovian master equation in a perturbative series. The approach relies on a momenta expansion of the open system evolution. Unlike previous perturbative approaches of this kind, the method presented in this paper provides a recursive definition of each perturbative term. Furthermore, we give an intuitive diagrammatic description of each term of the series, which provides a useful analytical tool to build them and to derive their structure in terms of commutators and anticommutators. We eventually apply our formalism to the evolution of the observables of the reduced system, by showing how the method can be applied to the adjoint master equation, and by developing a diagrammatic description of the associated series.