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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Observing matter-wave stability under small displacements with an atom interferometer

Saijun Wu, Edward Su, Eric J. Heller, Mara Goff Prentiss

Published May 29, 2008• 0 citations
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We describe a matter-wave Sagnac interferometer using Bose condensed atoms confined in a time-orbiting potential trap. Compared to our previous implementation [Moan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 120403 (2020)], our new apparatus provides better thermal stability, improved optical access, and reduced trap anharmonicity. The trapping field can be adjusted to compensate for small tilts of the apparatus in gravity. These features enable operation with an effective Sagnac area of 4 mm2 per orbit, and we observe interference with 25% visibility after two orbits at a total interrogation time of 0.6 s. Long-term measurements indicate a phase stability of 0.2 rad or better.
We present the first realization of a solitonic atom interferometer. A Bose-Einstein condensate of 1×10(4) atoms of rubidium-85 is loaded into a horizontal optical waveguide. Through the use of a Feshbach resonance, the s-wave scattering length of the 85Rb atoms is tuned to a small negative value. This attractive atomic interaction then balances the inherent matter-wave dispersion, creating a bright solitonic matter wave. A Mach-Zehnder interferometer is constructed by driving Bragg transitions with the use of an optical lattice colinear with the waveguide. Matter-wave propagation and interferometric fringe visibility are compared across a range of s-wave scattering values including repulsive, attractive and noninteracting values. The solitonic matter wave is found to significantly increase fringe visibility even compared with a noninteracting cloud.
Matter-wave interferometry has become a ubiquitous and reliable tool for studying fundamental forces and phenomena and for realizing sensitive measurements. Our recent experiments with metal clusters have allowed us to demonstrate the quantum-wave nature of nanoparticles exceeding 170 kDa. Interestingly, the same experiments also allow for the preparation of moiré fringes of objects in the megadalton range. In this work, we demonstrate such moiré fringes of large sodium nanoparticles and, owing to the platform's stability, resolve nanometer-scale fringe displacements between successive contrast revivals, directly observing the predicted π-phase flip as a half-period shift. We further discuss how this feature turns the interferometer into a device for advanced sensing, even when operating in the regime where the predictions of quantum and classical physics merge.