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IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Based Physical-Layer Group Secret Key Distribution

Shun Kojima, Shinya Sugiura

Published Dec 2, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a novel non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-based physical-layer group secret key distribution (GSKD) from a base station (BS) to multiple legitimate users for a star network in the presence of an eavesdropper. In the proposed scheme, a random group secret key generated at the BS is distributed to legitimate users in an information-theoretically secure manner. More specifically, the BS and each user share a secret key from the associated channel state information (CSI), which is then used to encrypt the group secret key with a one-time pad. Then, each of the encrypted group secret keys is superimposed and efficiently broadcast to the users in the NOMA downlink. Each user extracts the group secret key with the aid of successive interference cancellation of the superimposed signal and decryption based on the user-specific secret key generated from CSI. Moreover, we derive the theoretical group key rate bound of the proposed scheme. Our performance results demonstrate that the proposed NOMA-based GSKD scheme outperforms the conventional benchmark schemes while investigating the effects of information reconciliation based on Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, as well as channel coding based on polar codes.

DOI
10.1109/tvt.2025.3639386

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In this paper, we propose a novel non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-based physical-layer group secret key distribution (GSKD) from a base station (BS) to multiple legitimate users for a star network in the presence of an eavesdropper. In the proposed scheme, a random group secret key generated at the BS is distributed to legitimate users in an information-theoretically secure manner. More specifically, the BS and each user share a secret key from the associated channel state information (CSI), which is then used to encrypt the group secret key with a one-time pad. Then, each of the encrypted group secret keys is superimposed and efficiently broadcast to the users in the NOMA downlink. Each user extracts the group secret key with the aid of successive interference cancellation of the superimposed signal and decryption based on the user-specific secret key generated from CSI. Moreover, we derive the theoretical group key rate bound of the proposed scheme. Our performance results demonstrate that the proposed NOMA-based GSKD scheme outperforms the conventional benchmark schemes while investigating the effects of information reconciliation based on Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, as well as channel coding based on polar codes.
In this paper, we propose a novel non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-based physical-layer group secret key distribution (GSKD) for a star network in the presence of an eavesdropper. In the proposed scheme, a random group secret key generated at a base station (BS) is distributed to legitimate users in an information-theoretically secure manner. More specifically, the BS and each user share a secret key from the associated channel state information (CSI), which is then used to encrypt the group secret key with a one-time pad. Then, each of the encrypted group secret keys is superimposed and efficiently broadcast to the users in the NOMA downlink. Moreover, we derive the theoretical group key rate bound of the proposed scheme. Our performance results demonstrate that the proposed NOMA-based GSKD scheme outperforms the conventional benchmark schemes.
Abstract With the exponential growth of wireless communication technologies, ensuring the confidentiality of transmitted data has become paramount. This paper introduces a cutting-edge encryption scheme utilizing Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for secure key generation. It proposes a method that utilizes an identical secret key derived from channel randomness and distance to prevent eavesdropping in NOMA communication, thus enhancing the system's resistance against potential attacks. NOMA is employed to simultaneously serve multiple users at the same time and frequency resources by applying different power levels to each user. In the proposed encryption scheme, NOMA principles combine channel randomness and user-base station distance in a non-orthogonal manner. This approach allows the generation of identical encryption keys shared by multiple users, ensuring an efficient and robust security mechanism benefits increased spectral efficiency and an improved system. The non-orthogonal of the generated encryption key enhances the security level, as it becomes harder for eavesdroppers to intercept and decipher the key. Integrating NOMA in the key generation process introduces an additional layer of unpredictability, further bolstering security. Extensive simulations and analyses were conducted to assess the proposed NOMA-based dual key extraction performance. A qualitative comparison between sources and a new proposed direction shows the Secrecy rate, key secrecy capacity, and secrecy outage probability demonstrate its effectiveness in providing a high level of security while incurring minimal overhead on the communication system.
The physical layer security of uplink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is analyzed. A stochastic geometry approach is applied to analyze the coverage probability and effective secrecy throughput (EST) of the kth NOMA user, where a fixed or an adaptive transmission rate can be used. We consider a protected zone around the legitimate terminals to establish an eavesdropper-exclusion area. We assume that the channel state information associated with eavesdroppers is not available at the base station. We also consider that the base station is equipped with multiple antennas. The impact of imperfect successive interference cancellation is also taken into account in this paper. Our framework allows to compute, numerically, the wiretap code rates that maximize the EST. In addition, our framework also allows an optimum selection of other system parameters, such as the transmit power or the eavesdropper-exclusion radius.
The physical layer security of uplink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is analyzed. A stochastic geometry approach is applied to analyze the coverage probability and the effective secrecy throughput (EST) of the kth NOMA user, where a fixed or an adaptive transmission rate can be used. A protected zone around the legitimate terminals to establish an eavesdropper-exclusion area. We assume that the channel state information associated with eavesdroppers is not available at the base station. We consider that the base station is equipped with multiple antennas. The impact of imperfect successive interference cancellation is also taken into account in this work. Our analysis allows an easy selection of the wiretap code rates that maximizes the EST. Additionally, our framework also allows an optimum selection of other system parameters like the transmit power or the eavesdropper-exclusion radius.
Enhancing security level against potential internal eavesdroppers in Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) has been reported as a serious challenge. In this letter, a novel secure NOMA scheme based on physical-layer security concepts is proposed. The proposed scheme exploits the random and independent channel characteristics to induce a different phase shift in each user's symbol. Based on the assumption that the instantaneous channel phase between a user and the base station is available only at both ends, other users will not be able to decode the right symbol. Analytical and simulation average bit error rate performance results demonstrate the ability of the proposed scheme to degrade the performance at the eavesdropper without affecting the performance at other legitimate users and guarantee data confidentiality of each user.
Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is emerging as a popular radio access technique to serve multiple users under the same resource block to improve spectral efficiency in 5G and 6G communication. But the resource sharing in NOMA causes concerns on data security. Since power domain NOMA exploits the difference in channel properties for bandwidth-efficient communication, it is feasible to ensure data confidentiality in NOMA communication through physical layer security techniques. In this work, we propose to ensure resistance against internal eavesdropping in NOMA communication through a secret key derived from channel randomness. A unique secret key is derived from the channel of each NOMA user; which is used to randomize the data of the respective user before superposition coding (SC) to prevent internal eavesdropping. The simulation results show that the proposed system provides very good security against internal eavesdropping in NOMA.