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IEEE Access

Quantum Analysis of Teleportation Quality Degradation Induced by Loss and Multiple-Photon Generation

R. A. Brewster, Gerald Baumgartner, Anne Marie Richards, Yanne K. Chembo

Published Jan 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In [R. A. Brewster, et al. Phys. Rev. A 104, 022411 (2021)], we considered the entanglement degradation due to multiple-photon-pair generation as measured by a Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) experiment. Here, we expound upon this technique to consider a quantum optical teleportation experiment that is subject to photon loss as well as input qubits and entangled states that potentially have more than a single photon per channel. We develop an elegant and generalized technique for computing the probability of success and fidelity of a quantum teleportation experiment that is agnostic to the photon statistics of the input state of the system.We then specify various example input states. This includes the ideal single-photon-per-channel case as well as a variety of cases where there are multiple photons per channel. In the multiphoton cases, we will let the qubit be generated using three different techniques and the entangled state be generated by type-II spontaneous parametric down conversion using two different techniques.We will also consider three different ways to perform the Bell state measurement optically in the quantum teleportation experiment. The single-photon-per-channel case agrees with what we can achieve analytically, allowing us to trust the results in the multiphoton cases.

DOI
10.1109/access.2025.3638165

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In [R. A. Brewster, et al. Phys. Rev. A 104, 022411 (2021)], we considered the entanglement degradation due to multiple-photon-pair generation as measured by a Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) experiment. Here, we expound upon this technique to consider a quantum optical teleportation experiment that is subject to photon loss as well as input qubits and entangled states that potentially have more than a single photon per channel. We develop an elegant and generalized technique for computing the probability of success and fidelity of a quantum teleportation experiment that is agnostic to the photon statistics of the input state of the system.We then specify various example input states. This includes the ideal single-photon-per-channel case as well as a variety of cases where there are multiple photons per channel. In the multiphoton cases, we will let the qubit be generated using three different techniques and the entangled state be generated by type-II spontaneous parametric down conversion using two different techniques.We will also consider three different ways to perform the Bell state measurement optically in the quantum teleportation experiment. The single-photon-per-channel case agrees with what we can achieve analytically, allowing us to trust the results in the multiphoton cases.
It was shown that using multiphoton qubits, a nearly deterministic Bell-state measurement can be performed with linear optics and on-off photodetectors [Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 113603 (2015)]. However, multiphoton qubits are generally more fragile than single-photon qubits under a lossy environment. In this paper, we propose and analyze a scheme to teleport multiphoton-qubit information using hybrid entanglement with a loss-tolerant carrier qubit. We consider three candidates for the carrier qubit: a coherent-state qubit, a single-photon polarization qubit, and a vacuum-and-single-photon qubit. We find that teleportation with the vacuum-and-single-photon qubit tolerates about 10 times greater photon losses than with the multiphoton qubit of the photon number $N\ensuremath{\ge}4$ in the high fidelity regime ($F\ensuremath{\ge}90%$). The coherent-state qubit encoding may be even better than the vacuum-and-single-photon qubit as the carrier when its amplitude is as small as $\ensuremath{\alpha}<0.78$. We further point out that the fidelity of the teleported state by our scheme is determined by loss in the carrier qubit while the success probability depends on loss only in the multiphoton qubit to be teleported. Our study implies that the hybrid architecture may complement the weaknesses of each qubit encoding.
Abstract Measurement outcomes on quantum systems exhibit inherent randomness and are fundamentally nondeterministic. This has enabled quantum physics to set new standards for the generation of true randomness with significant applications in the fields of cryptography, statistical simulations, and modeling of the nondeterministic behavior in various other fields. In this work, we present a scheme for the generation of multi-bit random numbers using path-entangled single photons. For the experimental demonstration, we generate a path-entangled state using single photons from spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) and assign a multi-qubit state for them in path basis. One-bit and two-bit random numbers are then generated by measuring entangled states in the path basis. In addition to passing the NIST tests for randomness, we also demonstrate the certification of quantumness and self-certification of quantum random number generator (QRNG) using Clauser, Horne, Shimony and Holt (CHSH) inequality violation. We also record the significantly low autocorrelation coefficient from the raw bits generated and this along with CHSH violation rules out multi-photon events and ensure the protection from photon splitting attack. Distribution of photons along multiple paths resulting in multiple bits from one photon extends the limit on bit generation rate imposed by the detection dead time of the individual detector. Thus, the path-entangled states can generate higher bitrates compared to scheme using entangled photon pair which are limited by the coincidence counts. We demonstrate this by generating a high rate of about 80 Mbps when the single photon detector saturates at around 28 Mcps and still show violation of CHSH inequality.
Quantum teleportation enables transferring quantum states by leveraging entanglement. The distribution of entangled states is challenged by decoherence, which degrades the teleportation performance. Continuous-variable teleportation with coherent-state qubits has gained particular interest because it can provide better performance than discrete-variable teleportation with polarization-encoded qubits and is more resilient to decoherence. However, most existing schemes employ a specific configuration of coherent-state qubits, namely Schrödinger cat states, and assume symmetric photon-loss channels. This work explores the teleportation of qubits based on coherent states through asymmetric quantum channels impaired by photon loss. First, we characterize the teleportation protocol for arbitrary coherent-state qubit configurations considering asymmetric and photon-loss channels. Then, we present case studies under both ideal entanglement distribution and lossy conditions. Results reveal a trade-off between state distinguishability and teleportation fidelity, providing insight into the optimal design of coherent-state qubits in practical teleportation protocols.
Full detail of a proposed experiment required for implementing and verifying a theoretical scheme for four-partite splitting and open-destination teleportation of an arbitrary two-qubit photonic state is discussed. In this proposed experiment the quantum channel is provided by a pair of decomposable generalized (G) Bell states, which offer the experimental advantage that they can be very easily generated in photonic experiments. Our experiment is based on generating a two-qubit photonic state by ultrafast spontaneous parametric downconversion in nonlinear crystal and relies on Bell-state measurements, which in this experiment are performed by an optical Bell-state analyzer that can unambiguously determine all four Bell states. In this proposed experiment unitary transformation required at the destination station is implemented using a quantum control NOT gate. We finally show that in our four-partite optical system the two-qubit photonic state originally prepared at a sending station can be experimentally split and subsequently regenerated at any one of the three distinct receiving stations.
Protocols for probabilistic entanglement-assisted quantum teleportation and for entanglement swapping of material qubits are presented. They are based on a protocol for postselective Bell- state projection which is capable of projecting two material qubits onto a Bell state with the help of ancillary coherent multiphoton states and postselection by balanced homodyne photodetection. Provided this photonic postselection is successful, we explore the theoretical possibilities of realizing unit-fidelity quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping with 2525%25 success probability. This photon-assisted Bell projection is generated by coupling almost resonantly the two material qubits to single modes of the radiation field in two separate cavities in a Ramsey-type interaction sequence and by measuring the emerged field states in a balanced homodyne detection scenario. As these quantum protocols require basic tools of quantum state engineering of coherent multiphoton states and balanced homodyne photodetection, they may offer interesting perspectives in particular for current quantum optical applications in quantum information processing.